DUKE  UNIVERSITY 
MEDICAL  CENTER  LIBRARY 
HISTORICAL  COLLECTIONS 


Kenneth  L 


Ha. 


weeks 

1 

y 


2005TY  MEDICAL  Sfoliii 
12-25  ODEE’K'S  BLU, 
OREST  SILLS,  5,  Y, 

^oR 


'1/ 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/illustrationsofm01  hass 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


OF  THE 

MICROSCOPIC  ANATOMY 

OF 

THE  HUMAN  BODY 


IN 


HEALTH  AND  - CASE. 


BY 

ARTHUR  HILL  HASSALL,  M.B., 

Author  of  a “History  of  Brit  Mi  Fresh-water  Algte;  !•'■  * I.irmaean  Society;  Member  of 

the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England;  one  ™ i:..- i ii  of  the  London  Botanical 

Society;  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Dublin  ' ; ..v  < i Listory  Society,  &c. 


WITH  ADDITIONS 


HENRY  VANARSDALE,  M.D. 


NEW  YORK: 
WILLIAM  WOOD  & COMPANY. 
1869. 


PUBLISHER’S  PREFACE. 


The  very  accurate  and  beautiful  Illustrations  of  Microscopic 
Anatomy  by  Mr.  Hassall  have  been  for  some  time  out  of  print. 
Believing  that  they  are  as  valuable  as  any  that  could  be  produced, 
the  publishers  have  ventured  to  republish  the  Illustrations  and 
explanatory  text  by  themselves,  making  a volume  of  plates  equally 
adapted  for  use  alone  or  in  connection  with  any  treatise  upon  the 
subject. 


The  New  Yc-ek  Printing  Company, 
8i,  83,  and  85  Centre  St., 

New  York. 


INDEX  OE  THE  ILLUSTRATIONS 


THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ILLUSTRATIONS  ARE  ORIGINAL,  WITH  BUT  NINE 

EXCEPTIONS. 

BLOOD. 

Corpuscles  of  man,  the  red  with  the  centres  clear,  070  diam Plate  i.  Fig.  1 

The  same,  the  red  with  the  centres  dark,  670  diam “ I.  “2 

The  same,  seen  in  water,  670  diam “ i.  “3 

The  same,  the  red  united  into  rolls,  670  diam “ I.  “ 4 

Tuberculated  condition  of  the  red  corpuscles,  670  diam “ i.  “5 

White  corpuscles  of  man  in  water,  670  diam “ i.  “ 6 

Corpuscles  of  frog,  670  diam “ ir.  “ 1 

The  same,  with  the  nucleus  of  the  red  visible,  670  diam “ n.  “2 

The  same,  in  water,  670  diam “ n.  “ 3 

The  same,  after  prolonged  action  of  water,  670  diam “ ir.  “ 4 

Nuclei  of  red  corpuscles  of  frog,  670  diam “ n.  “ 5 

Elongation  of  red  corpuscles  of  ditto,  670  diam “ n.  “ 6 

Corpuscles  of  the  dromedary,  670  diam “ in.  “ 1 

The  same  of  the  siren,  670  diam “ in.  “ 2 

The  same  of  the  alpaco,  670  diam “ hi.  “ 3 

The  same  of  the  elephant,  670  diam “ iv.  “ 1 

The  same  of  the  goat,  670  diam “ iy.  “ 2 

Peculiar  concentric  corpuscles  in  blood,  670  diam “ rv.  “ 3 

Coagulated  fibrin,  670  diam “ iv.  “ 4 

The  same  with  granular  corpuscles,  670  diam “ iv.  “ 5 

Corpuscles  of  earth-worm,  670  diam “ iv.  “ 6 

Circulation  in  tongue  of  frog,  350  diam “ v.  “ 1 

The  same  in  web  of  the  foot  of  ditto,  350  diam “ v.  “ 2 

Corpuscles  in  vessels  of  the  same,  670  diam “ yi.  “ 1 

White  corpuscles  in  vessels  of  the  same,  900  diam “ vi.  “ 2 

Glands  of  tongue  of  frog,  130  diam “ Vli.  “ 1 

Under  surface  of  tongue  of  same,  500  diam “ vn.  “ 2 

Red  corpuscles  of  embryo  of  fowl,  670  diam “ IX.  “ 1 

The  same,  in  water,  570  diam “ ix.  “ 2 

Red  corpuscles  of  adult  fowl,  670  diam “ ix.  “ 3 

The  same  of  young  frog,  670  diam “ ix.  “ 4 

The  same  of  the  adult  frog,  670  diam “ ix.  “ 5 

The  same  united  into  chains,  670  diam “ ix.  “ 6 


DEVELOPMENT  OP  EMBRYO  OF  CHICK. 


The  cicatricula  prior  to  incubation Plate 

The  same  at  the  end  of  first  day  of  incubation 

The  same  at  the  thirty-sixth  hour 

The  same  at  the  close  of  the  second  day 

The  same  at  the  end  of  the  third  day 

The  embryo  on  the  conclusion  of  the  fourth  day 

The  same  at  the  termination  of  the  fifth  day 

The  embryo  of  six  days  old 

The  embryo  of  the  ninth  day  of  development 

The  same  at  the  end  of  the  seventh  day,  detached 

Ditto  at  the  end  of  the  ninth  day,  also  detached 


X. 

Fig.  1 

X. 

“ 2 

X. 

“ 3 

X. 

“ 4 

X. 

“ 5 

X. 

“ 6 

X. 

“ 7 

X. 

“ 8 

X. 

“ 9 

X. 

“ 10 

X. 

“ 11 

MUCUS. 


Corpuscles  of,  in  their  ordinary  condition,  670  diam 

The  same  collapsed,  670  diam 

The  same,  showing  the  action  of  water,  670  diam 

The  same  acted  on  by  dilute  acetic  acid,  670  diam 

The  same  after  the  action  of  undilute  acetic  acid,  670  diam. 

The  same  in  process  of  development,  670  diam 

Vaginal  mucus,  670  diam 

CEsophageal  mucus,  670  diam 

Bronchitic  ditto,  670  diam 

Vegetation  in  mucus,  670  diam 

Mucus  of  stomach,  670  diam 

Vaginal  tricho-monas 


U 

XI. 

u 

1 

u 

XI. 

u 

2 

u 

XI. 

«( 

3 

u 

XI. 

«( 

4 

(l 

XI. 

44 

5 

u 

XI. 

u 

6 

“ 

XII. 

(C 

1 

44 

XII. 

44 

2 

44 

XII. 

u 

3 

u 

XII. 

u 

4 

u 

XII. 

44 

5 

u 

XII. 

u 

6 

PUS. 


Corpuscles  of  laudable  pus,  670  diam 

The  same  acted  on  by  acetic  acid,  670  diam. . . 

The  same  treated  with  water,  670  diam 

Epithelial  scales  from  pustule,  670  diam 

Corpuscles  from  scrofulous  abscess,  670  diam. 
Vibrios  in  venereal  pus,  670  diam 


XIII. 

u 

1 

XIII. 

u 

2 

xm. 

41 

3 

XIII. 

44 

4 

XIII. 

44 

5 

XIII. 

44 

6 

MILK. 


Globules  of  healthy  milk  of  woman,  670  diam “ xrv.  “ 1 

The  same  of  impoverished  human  milk,  670  diam “ xrv.  “ 2 

Colostrum,  670  diam “ xrv.  “ 3 

Ditto,  with  several  corpuscles,  670  diam “ xrv.  “ 4 

Globules  of  large  size,  670  diam “ xrv.  “ 5 

Ditto,  aggregated  into  masses,  670  diam “ xrv.  “ 6 

Pus  in  the  milk  of  woman,  670  diam “ xv.  “ 1 

Blood-corpuscles  in  the  human  milk,  670  diam “ xv.  “ 2 

Globules  after  treatment  by  ether,  670  diam “ xv.  “ 3 

The  same  after  the  application  of  acetic  acid,  670  diam “ xv.  “ 4 


Caserne  globules,  670  diam Plate  xv.  Big.  5 

Milk  of  cow  adulterated  with  flour,  670  diam “ xv.  “ 6 


SEMEN. 


Spermatozoa  and  spermatophori  of  man,  900  diam “ xyi.  “ 1 

Spermatozoa  of  certhia  familiaris “ xvi.  “ 2 


FAT. 


The  fat  vesicles  of  a child,  130  diam “ xviii.  “ 1 

Ditto  of  an  adult,  130  diam “ xvin.  “ 2 

Ditto  of  the  pig,  with  apparent  nucleus,  130  diam. “ xix.  “ 1 

Ditto  of  the  same,  ruptured,  130  diam “ xix.  “ 2 

Ditto  of  marrow  of  the  femur  of  a child,  130  diam “ XIX.  “ 3 

Ditto,  with  the  membranes  of  the  vesicles  ruptured,  130  diam “ xix.  “ 4 

Crystals  on  human  fat  vesicles,  130  diam “ xix.  “ 5 

Fat  vesicles  in  melicerous  tumour,  130  diam “ xix.  “ 6 

Ditto  contained  in  parent  cells,  120  diam “ lxix.  “ 10 

Ditto  after  the  absorption  of  the  parent  cell-membrane,  120  diam “ lxix.  “ 11 


EPITHELIUM. 


Buccal  epithelial  cells,  670  diam “ xx.  “ 1 

Cuneiform  ditto  from  duodenum,  670  diam. “ xx.  “ 2 

Ciliary  epithelium  from  trachea  of  frog,  670  diam “ xxi.  “ 1 

Human  ciliary  epithelium  from  lung,  670  diam “ xxi.  “ 2 

Ditto  from  trachea,  670  diam “ xxi.  “ 3 

Tessellated  epithelium  from  tongue  of  frog,  670  diam “ xxi.  “ 4 

Ditto  from  tongue  of  triton,  670  diam “ xxi.  “ 5 

Ditto  from  serous  coat  of  liver,  670  diam “ xxn.  “ 1 

Ditto  from  choroid  plexus,  670  diam “ xxii.  “ 2 

Ditto  from  vena  cava  inferior,  670  diam “ xxii.  “ 3 

Ditto  from  arch  of  the  aorta,  670  diam “ xxii.  “ 4 

Ditto  from  surface  of  the  uterus,  670  diam “ xxii.  “ 5 

Ditto  from  the  internal  surface  of  the  pericardium,  670  diam “ xxii.  “ 6 

Ditto  of  lateral  ventricles  of  brain,  670  diam “ xxvi.  “6e 

Ditto  of  mouth  of  menobranchus  lateralis,  670  diam “ xxvi.  “6d 


EPIDERMIS. 


Upper  surface  of  epidermis,  130  diam “ xxm.  “ 1 

Under  surface  of  ditto,  130  diam. “ xxiii.  “ 2 

Epidermis  of  palm,  viewed  with  a lens  only “ xxiv.  “ 1 

Ditto,  magnified  100  diam “ xxiv.  “ 2 

Vertical  section  of  ditto,  100  diam “ xxiv.  “ 3 

Ditto  of  one  of  the  ridges,  100  diam. “ xxiv.  “ 4 

Epidermis  from  back  of  hand,  viewed  with  a lens “ xxiv.  “ 5 

A portion  of  same  more  highly  magnified,  100  diam “ xxrv.  “ 6 

Epidermis  from  back  of  hand,  100  diam “ xxvr.  “ 1 

Ditto,  viewed  on  its  under  surface,  100  diam A “ xxvi. 

Portion  of  ditto,  with  insertion  of  hairs,  100  diam “ xxvi. 


3 


Ditto  from  back  of  neck,  670  diam 

Detatched  cells  of  epidermis,  670  diam 

Cells  of  vernix  caseosa,  130  diam 

Cells  of  ditto,  670  diam 


Plate  xxvi.  Fig.  5 
“ xxvi.  “6x 
“ xxvi.  “6b 
“ xxvi.  “6o 


NAILS. 

Longitudinal  section  of  nail,  130  diam 

Ditto,  showing  unusual  direction  of  strise,  130  diam 

Ditto,  with  different  distribution  of  striae,  130  diam 

Transverse  section  of  nail,  130  diam 

Cells  of  which  the  layers  are  formed,  130  diam.  and  670  diam. 
Union  of  nail  with  true  skin,  100  diam 


PIGMENT  CELLS. 

Cells  of  pigmentum  nigrum  (human),  760  diam 

Ditto  of  the  same  of  the  eye  of  a pig,  350  diam 

Stellate  cells  of  lamina  fusca,  100  diam 

Ditto  more  highly  magnified,  350  diam 

Cells  of  skin  of  negro,  670  diam 

Ditto  from  lung,  670  diam 

Cells  in  epidermis  of  negro,  350  diam 

Ditto  in  areola  of  nipple,  350  diam 

Ditto  of  bulb  of  hair,  670  diam 


HAIR. 


Bulb  of  hair,  130  diam 

R.oot  of  a gray  hair,  130  diam 

Cells  of  outer  sheath,  670  diam 

Portion  of  inner  sheath,  350  diam 

Stem  of  gray  hair  of  scalp,  350  diam 

Transverse  section  of  hair  of  beard,  130  diam. 

Another  section  of  the  same,  130  diam 

Fibres  of  the  stem  of  the  hair,  670  diam 

Apex  of  hail-  of  perineum,  350  diam 

Ditto  of  scalp,  terminating  in  fibres,  350  diam 

Ditto  of  same  with  needle-like  extremity,  850  diam 

Root  of  hair  of  scalp,  130  diam 

Another  form  of  same,  130  diam 

Hair  with  two  medullary  canals,  130  diam 

Insertion  of  hairs  in  follicles,  100  diam 

Disposition  of  hairs  on  back  of  hand 


CARTILAGE. 

Transverse  section  of  cartilage  of  rib,  350  diam 

Parent  dells  seen  in  section  of  ditto,  350  diam 

Vertical  section  of  articular  cartilage,  130  diam 

Ditto  of  intervertebral  cartilage,  80  diam 

Cartilage  of  concha  of  ean(  350  diam 


“ XXV.  “ 1 

“ xxv.  “ 2 

“ xxv.  “ 3 

“ xxv.  “ 4 

“ xxv.  “ 5 

“ xxvi.  “ 4 


‘ XXVII.  “ 1 

‘ XXVII.  “ 2 
‘ xxvii.  “ 3 
‘ xxvii.  “4a 
‘ xxvii.  “4b 
‘ xxvii.  “4c 
‘ xxvii.  “ 5 
‘ xxvii.  “ 6 
‘ xxviii.  “ 5 


“ XXVIII.  “ 1 

“ xxviii.  “ 2 
“ xxviii.  “ 3 
“ xxviii.  “ 4 
“ xxix.  “ 1 
“ xxix.  “ 2 
“ xxix.  “ 3 
“ xxix.  “ 4 
“ xxix  “ 5 
“ xxix.  “ 6 
“ xxix.  “ 7 
“ xxix.  “ 8 
“ xxix.  “ 9 
“ xxix.  “ 10 
“ xxvi.  “ 3 
“ xxrv.  “ 5 


“ xxx.  “ 1 
“ xxx.  “ 3 
“ xxx.  “ 3 
“ xxx.  “ 4 
“ xxxi  “ 1 


Cells  of  inter- vertebral  cartilage,  350  diam Plate  xxxi.  Fig. 

Section  of  cartilage  and  bone  of  rib,  130  diam “ xxxi.  “ 

Ditto  of  one  of  the  rings  of  the  trachea,  350  diam “ xxxi.  “ 

Ditto  of  thyroid  cartilage  with  fibres,  130  diam “ xxxi.  “ 

Cartilage  of  ossification,  100  diam “ xxxiv.  “ 

Section  of  primary  cancelli,  350  diam “ xxxiv.  “ 

Ditto  of  same,  more  advanced,  350  diam “ xxxiv.  “ 

Cartilage  of  ossification,  350  diam “ xxxiv.  “ 

Section  of  cartilaginous  epiphysis,  30  diam “ xxxv.  “ 

Ditto  of  same,  with  bone,  30  diam “ xxxv.  “ 

Ditto  of  same,  more  highly  magnified,  330  diam “ xxxv.  “ 

Section  of  cartilage  and  bone  of  rib,  130  diam “ xxxv.  “ 


BONE. 


Transverse  section  of  ulna,  60  diam “ xxxn.  “ 

Cross-section  of  Haversian  canals,  220  diam “ xxxn.  “ 

Ditto  of  same  more  highly  magnified,  670  diam “ xxxn.  “ 

Longitudinal  section  of  long  bone,  40  diam “ xxxn.  “ 

Parietal  bone  of  foetus,  30  diam “ xxxm.  “ 

Portion  of  same  more  highly  magnified,  60  diam “ xxxm.  “ 

Spicula  of  bone  of  foetal  humerus,  350  diam “ xxxiii.  “ 

Lamina  of  a long  bone,  500  diam “ xxxm.  “ 

Cancelli  of  long  bone  of  foetus,  350  diam “ xxxm.  “ 

Section  of  femur  of  pigeon  fed  on  madder,  220  diam “ xxxm.  “ 

Section  of  epiphysis  and  shaft  of  foetal  femur,  100  diam “ xxxiv.  “ 

Transverse  section  of  primary  cancelli,  350  diam “ xxxiv.  “ 

Section  of  cancelli  more  advanced,  350  diam “ xxxiv.  “ 

Ditto  of  epiphysis  and  shaft  of  foetal  femur,  350  diam “ xxxiv.  “ 

Ditto  of  cartilaginous  epiphysis  of  humerus,  30  diam “ xxxv.  “ 

Ditto  of  same  with  bone,  30  diam “ xxxv.  “ 

The  same  more  highly  magnified,  330  diam “ xxxv.  “ 

Blood-vessels  and  medullary  cells “ xxxv.  “ 

Section  of  shaft  of  foetal  long  bone,  20  diam “ xxxv.  “ 

Ditto  of  bone  and  cartilage  of  rib,  130  diam “ xxxv.  “ 


TEETH. 


Yertical  section  of  incisor  tooth,  seen  with  lens “ xxxvi.  “ 

Tubes  of  dentine  near  their  termination,  670  diam “ xxxvi.  “ 

A not  unfrequent  condition  of  same,  670  diam “ xxxvi.  “ 

Tubes  of  dentine  near  their  commencement,  670  diam “ xxxvi.  “ 

Oblique  section  of  tubes  of  dentine,  670  diam “ xxxvi.  “ 

Transverse  section  of  ditto,  670  diam “ xxxvi.  “ 

Transition  of  tubes  into  bone  cells,  670  diam “ xxxvi.  “ 

Dilatation  of  ditto  into  bone  cells,  670  diam “ xxxvi.  “ 

Section  of  cementum,  670  diam “ xxxvn.  “ 

Ditto  of  same  traversed  by  tubes,  670  diam “ xxxvn.  “ 

Ditto  of  same  showing  angular  cells,  670  diam “ xxxvn.  “ 

Fungus  on  section  of  dentine,  670  diam “ xxxvn.  “ 

Oil-like  globules  on  section  of  same,  350  diam “ xxxvn.  “ 


2 

3 

4 

5 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

2 

3 

6 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 


Section  of  secondary  dentine,  350  diam Plate  xxxvil.  Pig.  6 

Ditto  of  bicuspid  tooth  seen  with  lens  only “ xxxvn.  “ 7 

Vertical  section  of  enamel,  220  diam “ xxxix.  “ 3 

Enamel  cells  seen  lengthways,  670  diam “ xxxix.  “ 4 

Cross-seotion  of  cells  of  enamel,  670  diam “ xxxix.  “ 5 


FIBROUS  TISSUE. 


Longitudinal  section  of  tendon,  670  diam “ xxxix.  “ 1 

Transverse  section  of  same,  670  diam “ xxxix.  “ 2 

White  fibrous  tissue,  670  diam “ xxxix.  “ 6 

Mixed  ditto,  670  diam “ xxxix.  “ 7 

Yellow  fibrous  tissue,  670  diam “ XL.  “ 1 

Different  form  of  ditto,  670 “ XL.  “ 2 

Development  of  blood-vessels,  350  diam “ XL.  “ 3 

Areolar  form  of  mixed  fibrous  tissue,  330  diam “ XL.  “ 4 

Blood-vessels  of  pia  mater,  350  diam “ XL.  ,,  5 

Development  of  white  fibrous  tissue,  670  diam “ XLm.  “ 2 

Portion  of  dartos,  670  diam “ xliii.  “ 3 

Section  of  corpora  cavernosa,  slightly  magnified “ xliii.  “ 4 


MUSCLE. 


Portion  of  striped  muscle,  60  diam 

Fragment  of  unstriped  ditto,  670  diam 

Muscular  fibrillae  of  the  heart,  670  diam 

Fragment  of  striped  muscle  of  frog,  350  diam 

Fibres  and  fibrillas  of  voluntary  muscle,  350  diam. , 

Fibres  acted  on  by  acetic  acid,  350  diam 

Ditto  in  different  degrees  of  contraction,  350  diam 

Union  of  muscle  with  tendon,  130  diam 

Transverse  section  of  muscular  fibres,  350  diam . . , 

Fibres  of  voluntary  muscle  of  foetus,  660  diam 

Zigzag  disposition  of  fibres,  350  diam 

Striped  muscular  fibre  and  fibrillae,  670  diam 


XLI.  “ 1 

XLI.  “ 2 
XLI.  “ 3 
XLI.  “ 4 
XLII.  “ 1 

xxn.  “ 2 
xlii.  “ 3 
xlii.  “ 4 
XLII.  “ 5 
xxm.  “ 1 
XLm.  “ 5 
xliii.  “ 6 


NERVES. 


Tubes  of  motor  nerve,  670  diam 

The  same  after  the  action  of  spirit,  670  diam 

The  same  after  the  action  of  acetic  acid,  670  diam. . . 

Portion  of  Casserian  ganglion,  350  diam 

Nerve  tubes  of  cerebellum,  670  diam 

Ditto  of  cerebrum,  with  clear  cells,  670  diam  

Varicose  condition  of  ditto,  670  diam 

Filaments  of  great  sympathetic,  670  diam 

Cells  of  gray  matter  of  cerebellum,  670  diam 

Ditto  of  same,  inner  stratum,  670  diam 

Caudate  ganglionary  cells,  350  diam 

(Spinal  cord,  Medulla  oblongata,  Cerebellum.) 
Ditto  from  locus  niger  of  crus  cerebelli,  350  diam 


Ik 


XLIV. 
XL  IV. 
XL  IV. 
XLIV. 
XL  IV. 
XLIV. 
XLIV. 
XLV. 
XLV. 
XLV. 
XLV. 


44  1 
u v> 


“ 3 
“ 4 
u 5 
14  6 
44  7 
44  1 


44  4 


XLV. 


5 


Minute  caudate  from  hippocampus  major,  350  diam 

Ditto  from  locus  niger  of  crus  cerebri,  350  diam 

Pacinian  bodies,  natural  size 

Ditto,  magnified  60  diam 

A single  Pacinian  body,  100  diam 

An  anomalous  Pacinian  body 

Two  other  anomalous  Pacinian  bodies 

Cells  from  corpus  dentatum  of  cerebellum,  350  diam 


Plate  xlv.  Fig.  6 

“ xlv.  “ 7 

“ xlvi.  “ 1 

“ xlvi.  “ 2 

“ XLVI.  “ 3 

“ XLVI.  “ 4 

“ XLYI.  “ 5 

“ XLYI.  “ 6 


lungs. 


Pleural  surface  of  lung,  30  diam 

Ditto,  with  vessels  of  first  order,  30  diam 

Ditto,  magnified  100  diam 

Section  of  lung  injected  with  tallow,  100  diam 

Casts  of  air-cells,  350  diam 

Section  of  lung  injected  with  size,  100  diam 

Pleural  surface  of  lung,  with  vessels  of  second  order,  100  diam. 

Section  of  lung,  with  air-cells  uninjected,  100  diam 

Capillaries  of  lung,  100  diam 


“ XLVII.  “ 1 

“ XL VII.  “ 2 
“ XL  VII.  “ 3 
“ XLVIII.  “ 1 

“ XLVIII.  “ 2 
“ XLVIII.  “ 3 
“ XLIX.  “ 1 

“ XLIX.  “ 2 
“ XLIX.  “ 3 


GLANDS. 


Follicles  of  stomach,  with  epithelium,  100  diam 

Ditto  of  large  intestine,  in  similar  condition,  100  diam 

Ditto  of  same,  without  epithelium,  60  diam 

Termination  of  follicles  of  large  intestine,  60  diam. . . . 

Follicles  of  Lieberkiihn  in  duodenum,  60  diam 

Vessels  of  ditto  of  appendix  vermiformis,  100  diam. . . 

Ditto  of  same  of  stomach  of  cat,  100  diam 

Stomach  tubes , cross-section  of,  100  diam 

Longitudinal  view  of  stomach  tubes,  220  diam 

Ditto  of  the  same,  100  diam 

Villi  of  small  intestine,  with  epithelium,  100  diam. . . . 
Ditto,  without  epithelium,  showing  lacteals,  100  diam. 

Vessels  of  villi  in  duodenum,  60  diam 

Ditto  of  same  in  jejunum,  60  diam 

Ditto  of  same  of  foal,  60  diam 

Solitary  glands  of  small  intestine,  natural  size 

Ditto  of  large  intestine,  slightly  magnified 

Aggregated  or  Peyer's  glands , 20  diam 

Side  view  of  same,  20  diam 

Sebaceous  glands  in  connection  with  hair,  33  diam 

Ditto  from  caruncula  lachrymalis 

An  entire  Meibomian  gland , 27  diam 

Illustrations  of  mucous  glands,  35  diam 

Parotid  gland  of  embryo  of  sheep,  8 diam 

Ditto  of  human  subject,  further  developed,  40  diam. . . 

Mammary  gland , portion  of,  slightly  magnified 

Ditto  of  same,  with  milk  globules,  90  diam 


“ L.  “ 1 

“ L.  “ 2 

“ L.  “ 6 

“ L.  “ 7 

“ in.  “ 5 

“ li.  “ 1 

“ li.  “ 2 

“ l.  “ 3 

“ L.  “ 4 

“ L.  “ 5 

“ LII.  “ 1 

“ LII.  “ 2 

“ LI.  “ 3 

“ LI.  “ 4 

“ LI.  “ 5 

“ LXII.  “ 6 

“ LI.  “ 6 

“ LII.  “ 3 

“ LII.  “ 4 

“ Lin.  “ 3 

“ Lin.  “ 1 

“ Lm.  “ 2 

“ liii.  “ 4 

“ LIV.  “ 1 

“ LIV.  “ 2 

“ LIV.  “ 5 

“ LIV.  “ 3 


Plate 


Ditto  of  same  more  highly  magnified,  198  diam 

Liver , section  of,  showing  the  lobules,  35  diam 

Surface  of  ditto,  showing  the  intra-lobular  veins,  15  diam . . 

Section  of  liver  showing  the  hepatic  venous  plexus,  20  diam 

Vessels  of  portal  system,  20  diam 

Section  of  liver,  showing  inter-]  obular  vessels,  24  diam 

Surface  of  liver,  showing  portal  capillary  system,  20  diam . . 

Ditto,  showing  both  hepatic  and  portal  venous  systems,  20  diam. . . . 

Ditto,  with  both  systems  completely  injected,  20  diam 

Ditto,  with  portal  vein  and  hepatic  artery,  18  diam 

A terminal  biliary  duct,  378  diam 

Secreting  cells  of  liver  in  healthy  state,  378  diam 

Ditto,  gorged  with  bile,  378  diam 

Ditto,  containing  oil  globules,  378  diam 

Prostate  gland,  calculi  of,  45  diam 

New  tubular  gland  in  axilla,  54  diam 

Tubulus  of  ditto,  198  diam 

Ceruminous  glands,  portions  of,  45  diam 

Sudoriferous  gland,  tubulus  of,  198  diam 

Kidney,  tubes  of,  with  epithelium,  99  diam 

Cross-section  of  elastic  framework,  99  diam 

Ditto  of  framework  and  tubes,  99  diam 

Section  of  vessels  in  tubular  part  of  kidney,  33  diam 

The  same  vessels  seen  lengthways,  33  diam 

Tubes  with  epithelium,  378  diam 

Corpora  Malpighiana  of  kidney,  injected,  40  diam 

Uriniferous  tubes  of  a bird,  40  diam 

Corpora  Malpighiana  of  the  horse,  40  diam 

Inter -tubular  vessels  of  surface  of  kidney,  90  diam 

Transverse  section  of  injected  kidney,  67  diam 

Uninjected  corpora  Malpighiana 

With  capsule,  100  diam 

Without  ditto,  100  diam 

Malpighian  body,  more  highly  magnified,  125  diam 

Afferent  and  efferent  vessels  of  Malpighian  tuft,  45  diam 

Epithelial  cells  of  the  tubes,  378  diam 

Testis,  tubes  of,  27  diam 

Tubes  of  ditto,  more  highly  magnified,  99  diam 

Vessels  of  thyroid  gland,  injected,  18  diam 

V esicles  of  ditto  viewed  with  a lens  only 

Ditto  of  same,  magnified  40  diam 

Ditto  of  same,  showing  the  structure  of  their  walls,  67  diam 

Lobes  and  vesicles  of  same  in  their  ordinary  condition,  27  diam 

Nuclei  of  vesicles  of  thyroid,  378  diam 

Follicles  of  thymus,  with  vessels,  33  diam 

Capsule  of  ditto,  54  diam 

Nuclei  and  simple  cells  of  same,  378  diam 

Compound  or  parent  cells  of  ditto,  378  diam 

Spleen , nuclei  and  vessels  of,  378  diam 

Supra-renal  capsule,  plexus  on  surface  of,  54  diam 

Tubes  of  ditto,  90  diam 

Nuclei,  parent  cells,  and  molecules  of  ditto,  378  diam 

Vessels  of  supra-renal  capsule,  90  diam 

Pineal  gland,  compound  bodies  of,  130  diam 

Pituitary  gland,  cells  and  fibrous  tissue  of,  350  diam 


U 


Li 


liv.  Fig.  6 
liv.  “ 4 
lv.  “ 1 
lv.  “ 2 
iv.  “ 3 
lv.  “ 4 
lv.  “ 5 
LYT.  “ 3 
LVI.  “ 4 

LVI.  “ 2 

lvii.  “ 1 

LVII.  “ 
LVTI.  “ 
LVII.  “2c 
LVII.  “ 3 
LVII.  “4  A 
LVII.  “4b 
LVII.  “ 5 
LVII.  “ 4 C 
LVIII.  “ 1 

LVIII.  “ 2 
Lvm.  “ 3 
LVIII.  “ 4 
Lvrn.  “ 5 

LVIII.  “ 6 

LXIX.  “ 1 


LIX.  “ 3 
LIX.  “ 4 
LIX.  “ 5 
LX.  “ 2 

“ “ A 

“ “ B 

LX.  “3  a 
lx.  “3b 
lx.  “3  c 

LX.  “ 1 

LX.  “ 4 
LXI.  “ 1 

LXI.  “ 2 
LXI.  “ 3 
LXI.  “ 4 
LXI.  “ 5 
LXI.  “ 6 

LXI.  “ 7 
LXI.  “ S 
LXI.  “ 9 
LXI.  “ 10 
LXII.  “ 1 

LXII.  “ 2 
lxii.  “3  a 
lxii.  “36 
LXII.  “ 5 
LXIX.  “ 7 
LXIX.  “ 8 


to  to 


ANATOMY  OF  THE  SENSE  OF  TOUCH. 


Epidermis  of  palm  of  hand,  40  diam 

Ditto  of  back  of  hand,  40  diam 

Papillae  of  palm  of  hand,  54  diam 

Ditto  of  back  of  hand,  54  diam 

Epidermis  of  palm,  under  surface  of,  54  diam 

Ditto  of  back  of  hand,  under  surface  of,  54  diam 

Vessels  of  papillae  of  palm  of  hand,  54  diam 

Ditto  of  same  of  back  of  hand,  54  diam 


Plate  lxiii.  Fig.  1 
“ lxiii.  “ 2 
“ lxiii.  “ 3 
“ lxiii.  “ 4 
“ lxiii.  “ 5 

“ LXIII.  “ 6 

“ LXIII.  “ 7 
“ LXIII.  “ 8 


ANATOMY  OF  THE  SENSE  OF  TASTE. 


Filiform  papillae,  with  long  epithelial  appendages,  41  diam. . . 

Ditto,  with  shorter  epithelial  processes,  27  diam 

Ditto,  without  epithelium,  near  apes  of  tongue,  27  diam 

Ditto,  without  epithelium,  near  centre  of  same,  31  diam 

Filiform  and  fungiform  papilla,  without  epithelium,  27  diam 

Peculiar  form  of  compound  papillae,  27  diam 

Filiform  papillae  in  different  states,  27  diam 

Ditto,  with  epithelium  partially  removed,  27  diam 

Follicles  of  tongue,  with  epithelium,  27  diam 

Ditto,  without  epithelium,  27  diam 

Ditto,  viewed  as  an  opaque  object,  27  diam 

Filiform  papillae  from  point  of  tongue,  27  diam 

Follicles  and  papillae  from  side  of  ditto,  20  diam 

Simple  papillae,  with  epithelium,  45  diam 

Filiform  papillje,  with  ditto,  18  diam 

The  same,  viewed  with  a lens  only 

Side  view  of  certain  compound  papillae,  20  diam 

Simple  papilla  from  under  surface  of  tongue,  54  diam 

Compound  and  simple  ditto  from  side  of  tongue,  23  diam 

A calyciform  papilla,  uninjected,  16  diam 

Ditto,  with  the  vessels  injected,  16  diam 

Filiform  papillae  near  centre  of  tongue,  injected,  27  diam 

Ditto  near  tip  of  tongue,  injected,  27  diam 

Simple  papillae,  injected,  27  diam 

Fungiform  ditto,  injected,  27  diam 


lxiv. 

LXIV. 

LXIV. 

LXIV. 

LXIV. 

LXIV. 

LXIV. 

LXIV. 

LXV. 


LXY. 


LXV. 

LXV. 


LXV. 

LXV. 

LXV. 

LXV. 

LXVI. 

LXVI. 

LXVI. 

LXVI. 

LXVI. 

LXVI. 


“ 1 
“ 2 
“ 3 
“ 4 
“ 5 
“ 6 
“ 7 
“ 8 
“ 1 
“ 2 
“ 3 
“ 4 
“ 5 
“ 6 
“ 7 
“ 8 
“ 9 
“ 10 
“ 11 
“ 1 
“ 2 
“ 3 
“ 4 
“ 5 
“ 6 


ANATOMY  OF  THE  GLOBE  OF  THE  EYE. 


Vertical  section  of  cornea,  54  diam 

A portion  of  retina,  injected,  90  diam 

Section  of  sclerotic  and  cornea,  54  diam 

Vessels  of  choroid,  ciliary  processes,  and  iris,  14  diam 

Nuclei  of  granular  layer  of  retina,  378  diam 

Cells  of  the  same,  378  diam 

Ditto  of  vesicular  layer  of  retina,  378  diam 

Caudate  cells  of  retina,  378  diam 

Cells  of  the  membrana  Jacobi,  378  diam 


“ lxvti.  “ 1 
“ LXVII.  “ 2 
“ LXVII.  “ 3 
“ LXVII.  “ 4 
“ Lxvn.  “ 5 

“ LXVII.  “ 6 

“ LXVII.  “ 7 
“ lxvii.  “ 8 
“ lxvii.  “ 9 


Fibres  of  fcbe  crystalline  lens ; a,  198  diam. ; 6,  378  diam, 

A condition  of  the  posterior  elastic  lamina,  78  diam 

Peculiar  markings  on  same,  78  diam 

Crystalline  lens  of  sheep,  slightly  magnified 

Fibres  of  lens  near  its  centre,  198  diam 

Stellate  pigment  in  eye  of  sheep,  slightly  magnified 

Venae  vorticosae  of  eye  of  sheep,  injected 

Conjunctival  epithelium,  oblique  view  of,  378  diam 

Ditto,  front  view  of,  378  diam 

Ciliary  muscle,  fibres  of,  198  diam 

Gelatinous  nerve  fibres  of  retina,  378  diam 

Cellated  structure  of  vitreous  body,  70  diam 

Fibres  on  posterior  elastic  lamina,  70  diam 

Portion  of  the  iris,  70  diam. 

Epithelium  of  crystalline  lens,  198  diam 

Ditto  of  the  aqueous  humour,  198  diam 

Hexagonal  pigment  of  the  choroid,  378  diam 

Stellate  pigment  of  same,  378  diam 

Irregular  pigment  of  uvea,  378  diam 


Plate  lxvii.  Fig.  10 


u 

LXVII. 

44 

11 

u 

LXVII. 

44 

12 

44 

LXVII. 

a 

13 

u 

LXVII. 

a 

14 

“ 

LXVIH. 

a 

1 

44 

LXVIII. 

a 

2 

it 

Lxvm. 

a 

3 

a 

LXVIEL 

a 

4 

44 

LXVIII. 

44 

5 

44 

LXVIII. 

u 

6 

44 

LXVIIL 

u 

7 

44 

LXVIII. 

44 

8 

44 

LXVIII. 

44 

9 

it 

LXVIIL 

44 

10 

a 

LXVIII. 

(4 

11 

44 

LXVIII. 

44 

12 

a 

LXVIII. 

44 

13 

44 

LXVIIL 

44 

14 

ANATOMY  OF  THE  NOSE. 


Mucous  membrane  of  true  nasal  region,  80  diam “ lxix.  “ 1 

Ditto  of  pituitary  region,  injected,  80  diam “ lxix  “ 2 

Capillaries  of  olfactory  region  of  human  foetus,  100  diam “ lxix  “ 12 


ANATOMY  OF  THE  EAR. 

Denticulate  laminae  of  the  osseous  zone,  100  diam 

Tympanic  surface  of  lamina  spiralis,  300  diam 

Inner  view  of  cochlearis  muscle  of  sheep 

Plexiform  arrangement  of  cochlear  nerves  in  ditto,  30  diam 


VILLI. 

Villi  of  foetal  placenta,  injected,  54  diam 

Ditto  of  choroid  plexus,  45  diam 


LXIX  “ 3 
LXIX.  “ 4 
LXIX  “ 5 
LXIX.  “ 6 


lxii.  “ 4 
LXII.  “ 9 


Plates  VIII. , XVII. , and  XXXVIII. , omitted  in  the  original  edition,  are  likewise 
here  omitted.  The  same  numbers  for  the  other  plates  are  observed,  that  the  figures 
in  both  editions  may  correspond. 

The  Plates  added  to  the  American  Edition  commence  at  Plate  LXX 


PLATES  ADDED 


TO 

THE  AMERICAN  EDITION. 


Corpuscles  of  lymph,  800  diam Plate  lxx.  Pig.  1 

Corpuscles  of  chyle,  800  diam “ lxx.  “ 2 

Fat  vesicles,  injected,  45  diam “ lxx.  “ 3 

Transverse  sections  of  hair,  450  diam “ lxx.  “ 4 

Cartilage  from  finger-joint,  80  diam “ lxx.  “ 5 

Vessels  of  synovial  membrane,  45  diam “ lxx.  “ 6 

Injected  matrix  of  finger-nail,  10  diam “ lxxi.  “ 

Vessels  of  tendon,  60  diam “ lxxii.  “ 1 

Ditto  nearer  muscular  union,  30  diam “ lxxii.  “ 2 

Lymphatic  gland  and  vessels,  8 diam “ lxxiii.  “ 1 

Capillaries  and  air-cells  of  foetal  lung,  60  diam “ lxxiii.  “ 2 

Ditto  of  same  of  child,  60  diam “ lxxiii.  “ 3 

Ditto  of  same  of  adult,  60  diam “ lxxiii.  “ 4 

Branchia  of  an  eel,  60  diam “ lxxiii.  “ 5 

Mucous  membrane  of  foetal  stomach,  60  diam “ Lxxrv.  “ 1 

Ditto,  showing  cells  and  cap.  ridges  of  adult,  60  diam “ lxxiv.  “ 2 

Ditto  with  cells  deeper  and  ridges  more  elevated,  60  diam “ lxxiv.  “ 3 

Ditto  showing  gastric  villi,  60  diam “ lxxiv.  “ 4 

Villi  of  duodenum,  60  diam “ lxxiv.  “ 5 

Ditto  of  jejunum,  60  diam “ lxxiv.  “ 6 

Ditto  of  ileum,  60  diam “ lxxv.  “ 1 

Muscular  fibres  of  small  intestine,  60  diam “ lxxv.  “ 2 

Appendix  vermiformis,  60  diam “ lxxv.  “ 3 

Mucous  follicles  of  colon,  60  diam “ lxxv.  “ 4 

Malpighian  bodies  with  uriniferous  tubes,  of  adult,  100  diam “ lxxv.  “ 5 

Ditto  enlarged  as  in  Bright’s  disease,  100  diam . . . “ lxxv.  “ 6 

Enlarged  veins  of  kidney,  first  stage  of  Bright’s  disease,  100  diam. . “ lxxvi.  “ 1 

Ditto  of  same,  another  view,  100  diam “ lxxvi.  “ 2 

Stellated  veins  in  third  stage  of  same,  100  diam “ lxxvi.  “ 3 

Granulation  on  the  surface  of  kidney,  100  diam “ lxxvi.  “ 4 

A tube  much  dilated,  100  diam “ lxxvi.  “ 5 

Sudoriparous  glands  and  their  ducts,  70  diam “ Lxxvir.  “ 1 

Ditto,  more  highly  magnified,  220  diam “ lxxvii.  “ 2 


Mucous  membrane  of  gall-bladder,  50  diam 

Transverse  section  of  muscles  of  the  tongue,  45  diam. . . 

Terminal  vessels  in  cornea,  45  diam 

Cornea  of  viper,  showing  its  vessels,  45  diam 

Choroid  coat  of  foetal  eye,  45  diam 

Ciliary  processes  of  eye  of  adult,  45  diam 

Mucous  lining  of  unimpregnated  uterus,  35  diam 

Ditto  of  impregnated  uterus,  35  diam 

Tuft  of  placenta,  60  diam 

Papillae  of  gum,  45  diam 

Ditto  of  lip,  45  diam 

Blood-vessels  in  mucous  membrane  of  trachea,  45  diam 

Ditto  of  buccal  membrane,  60  diam 

Ditto  of  mucous  membrane  of  bladder,  60  diam 


Plate  lxxvii.  Fig.  3 
. “ LXXVIL  “ 4 

“ lxxviii.  “ 1 
“ lxxviil  “ 3 
“ lxxviii.  “ 3 
“ lxxviii.  “ 4 
“ lxxviii.  “ 5 

“ LXXVIIL  “ 6 

“ LXXIX.  “ 1 

“ LXXIX  “ 3 
“ LXXIX.  “ 3 
“ LXXIX  “ 4 
“ LXXIX  “ 5 
“ LXXIX  “ 6 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


Plate  I. 

The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


The  Blood  of  Man. 


1.  The  human  red  blood  corpuscle,  showing  its  natural  form 

and  appearance  when  brought  fully  into  focus,  in  which 
case  the  centre  always  appears  light.  Scattered  over  the 
field  will  be  seen  one  or  two  white  corpuscles. 

2.  The  same,  with  the  centre  dark,  in  consequence  of  the  object 

not  being  brought  fully  into  focus. 

3.  The  same  in  water,  in  which  the  red  globules  lose  their  flat- 

tened and  discoidal  form,  becoming  circular,  and  presenting 
a smaller  surface  to  view  ; the  white  corpuscles  at  the  same 
time,  and  under  the  influence  of  the  same  agent,  are  seen 
to  have  increased  considerably  in  size. 

4.  The  same,  united  into  rolls,  as  of  miniature  money  in 

appearance. 

5.  The  same,  showing  the  peculiar  granulated  and  vesiculated 

appearance  which  they  so  frequently  present  under  such 
different  circumstances. 

6.  The  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood,  in  water,  in  which  they 

enlarge  considerably  in  dimensions,  often  appear  nucleated, 
and  after  long  immersion,  burst. 


o o 


Plcute  I 


H Miller,  del 


J&C.KellogJ.litii 


Plate  II. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


The  Blood  of  the  Frog. 

Fig.  1.  The  blood-corpuscle  of  the  frog,  both  red  and  white,  with 
the  nucleus  of  the  former  seen  indistinctly. 

2.  The  same,  with  the  nucleus  distinctly  visible,  the  difference 

arising  from  the  greater  length  of  time  during  which  the 
latter  has  been  removed  from  the  system. 

3.  The  same,  in  water,  showing  the  change  of  form  which  the 

red  blood-corpuscle,  as  well  as  its  contained  nucleus,  under- 
goes in  that  fluid,  and  also  the  enlargement  of  the  white 
corpuscles. 

4.  The  same,  showing  the  effect  of  the  prolonged  action  of  water 

on  the  red  corpuscles ; the  nuclei  are  now  not  merely 
circular,  but  most  of  them  have  become  eccentric,  and 
certain  of  them  have  escaped  altogether  from  the  mem- 
branous capsular  portion  of  the  corpuscles,  which  and  the 
nuclei  are  seen  lying  side  by  side  as  distinct  structures. 

5.  The  nuclei,  separate  from  the  capsule  by  the  action  of 

acetic  acid. 

6.  Shows  the  extraordinary  deformity  and  elongation  of  which 

the  red  blood-corpuscles  are  susceptible  when  subject  to 
any  extending  force,  or  even  to  lateral  pressure.  In  the 
figure,  the  extension  has  been  exerted  on  the  corpuscles  by 
means  of  the  filaments  which  fibrin  in  coagulating  runs  into, 
and  a portion  of  one  of  which  may  be  seen  uniting  the 
corpuscles. 


EC.K®og|,litiL 


Plccte  II 


Plate  III. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


For  the  blood  from  which  the  figures  contained  in  this  plate  were 
made,  as  well  as  some  of  those  of  the  following  plate,  I am  indebted 
to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Ogilby,  the  Secretary  of  the  Zoological  Society, 
who,  on  my  application  to  him,  promptly  and  courteously  forwarded 
to  me  the  permission  requisite  to  enable  me  to  obtain  it. 

Fig.  1.  The  red  and  white  blood-corpuscles  of  the  dromedary  ; in 
water,  the  former  became  perfectly  spherical. 

2.  The  same,  of  the  Siren. 
b The  same,  of  the  Alpaco. 


1 


Plate  111 . 


AO 


\ - ' 


n 


l r 


- M } V 

” A VJ  r\‘P. ; 

Pj  ^ P-  #=  Pi  r 

- % O W-  „ V)  * < 

",P 


'C  a 


l. 


4 

c uU 
, . ^ Vp 


La 


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t;  - 

r/" 


tv 


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3 


Plate  IV. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


1.  Represents  the  blood  corpuscles  of  the  elephant,  red  and 

white,  which  are  the  largest  hitherto  discovered  among  the 
mammalia. 

2.  Exhibits  the  blood  corpuscles  of  the  goat,  both  red  and  white, 

which  are  among  the  smallest  as  yet  made  known  in  the 
class  to  which  they  belong. 

3.  Peculiar  concentric  corpuscles,  taken  twenty-four  hours  after 

death  from  a polypus  contained  in  the  heart  of  an  old  man. 

4.  A portion  of  fibrin,  removed  from  a small  cavity  situated 

beneath  the  buffy  coating  formed  on  some  blood  which  had 
been  abstracted  from  a woman,  the  subject  of  epileptic  fits, 
and  for  which  she  was  bled ; it  exhibits  the  granular  and 
fibrous  structure,  which  the  spontaneously  coagulable 
element  of  the  blood  invariably  assumes  in  solidifying. 

5.  A portion  of  fibrin,  constituting  the  buffy  coat,  and  which 

formed  a thick  membrane  on  the  surface  of  the  blood 
abstracted  from  the  woman  already  alluded  to  ; it  exhibits 
more  clearly  the  fibrous  construction  of  the  fibrin,  the  fibres 
being  rendered  more  apparent  by  the  action  of  corrosive 
sublimate,  and  also  some  of  the  white  corpuscles  which  are 
found  usually  in  such  abundance  in  the  so-called  inflamma- 
tory crust.  All  false  membranes  have  a constitution  pre- 
cisely similar. 

6.  Blood  corpuscles  of  the  earth-worm  in  various  states;  those 

contained  in  the  lower  half  of  the  circle  represent  them  as 
they  appear  in  the  liquor  sanguinis , or  plasma,  in  which 
most  of  the  corpuscles  speedily  assume  a stellate  form,  as 
do  those  of  most  of  the  invertebrate  animals,  and  in  which 
state  they  bear  a close  resemblance  to  the  hispid  pollen 
granules  of  the  order  Composite  ; the  stellate  form  of  the 


corpuscles  is  speedily  followed  by  their  considerable  enlarge- 
ment, rupture,  and  disaggregation ; the  corpuscles  repre- 
sented in  the  upper  half  of  the  circle  have  been  acted  upon 
by  water,  in  which  they  quickly  lose  their  radiate  aspect, 
swell,  increase  to  two  or  three  times  their  original  dimen- 
sions, exhibit  their  contained  molecules  more  clearly,  and 
which  may  frequently  be  seen  in  a state  of  the  greatest 
activity ; finally,  the  corpuscles  become  deformed  in  shape 
and  burst.  It  may  here  be  remarked,  that  the  blood  of 
most  of  the  Invertebrata  is  colourless,  arising  from  the  fact 
of  their  blood  containing  but  one  form  of  corpuscle,  the 
colourless  blood  corpuscle.  In  the  Annelidas,  indeed,  the 
blood  is  red  ; the  colouring  matter,  however,  is  not  contained 
in  the  corpuscle,  but  in  the  plasma. 


3 


4 


5 


6 


H Miller,  del. 


EC.  Kellogg,  lith. 


Plate  V. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  350  diameters. 


Fig.  1.  Exhibits  the  circulation  in  a portion  of  the  tongue  of  the 
frog ; the  larger  vessel  is  seen  to  be  accompanied  by  a nerve, 
as  is  usually  the  case,  and  in  all  the  vessels  are  shown  the 
red  and  white  corpuscles,  with  their  differences  of  form,  size, 
structure,  colour,  and  position  ; the  general  direction  and 
appearance  of  the  muscular  fibres  are  likewise  indicated. 

2.  Represents  the  distribution  of  the  smallest  capillaries  in  the 
web  of  the  foot  of  the  frog,  in  which  it  is  seen  that  the 
blood-corpuscles  circulate  only  in  single  series  ; the  pigment 
cells,  cellular  tissue  of  the  parenchyma,  and  the  beautiful 
hexagonal  and  nucleated  tessellate  epidermis,  are  likewise 
exhibited. 


Plai  t V. 


Plate  VI. 


1.  Is  a,  more  highly  magnified  representation  of  the  circulation 

in  the  capillaries  of  the  web  of  the  foot  of  the  frog;  in  it 
the  white  and  red  corpuscles  as  well  as  the  epidermis  are 
more  clearly  defined ; two  of  the  white  corpuscles  are  seen 
to  be  of  an  oval  form,  resulting  from  compression  between 
the  red  blood  discs  and  the  walls  of  the  vessels.  This  figure 
is  magnified  670  diameters. 

2.  Exhibits  a portion  of  a larger  vessel,  also  taken  from  the  web 

of  the  foot  of  the  frog  ; in  it  the  white  corpuscles  are  seen 
to  have  collected  in  considerable  quantity,  as  they  are  fre- 
quently observed  to  do  after  long  exposure  of  the  web  to 
the  action  of  ihe  air  ; two  cells  or  globules  of  a very  peculiar 
structure  are  likewise  figured  ; these  open  on  the  surface, 
and  possibly  are  mucous  crypts.  This  representation  is 
magnified  900  diameters. 


P'Ml  VI. 


2 


Plate  VII. 


Obs. — It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  observe,  that  the  comparative 
anatomy  figures  are  introduced  in  this  work  for  the  purpose  of  illus- 
trating, in  a more  satisfactory  manner  than  could  be  otherwise 
accomplished,  certain  points,  especially  the  more  obscure  ones,  con- 
nected with  human  anatomy. 

These  figures  should,  therefore,  by  no  means  be  regarded  as  taking 
the  place  of  any  of  those  which  should  illustrate  human  anatomy,  and 
not  one  of  which,  deemed  to  be  of  importance,  will  on  any  account 
be  omitted  ; they  should  be  deemed  not  as  substitutes,  but  as  additions 
to  the  original  design  of  the  work,  and  which  cannot  but  enhance 
very  considerably  its  value. 

Fig.  1.  Represents  a portion  of  the  under  surface  of  the  tongue  of  the 
frog,  magnified  130  diameters,  and  on  which  are  seen,  first, 
numerous  glands,  mostly  spherical,  and  traversed  by  a tor- 
tuous vessel,  in  which  the  blood-corpuscles  are  tossed  about 
as  it  were  in  a vortex ; and,  second,  mucous  crypts,  the 
apertures  of  which  are  apparent.  Donne  has  observed  these 
bodies,  but  believes  them  to  be  formed  by  nervous  loops,  and 
appears  to  have  overlooked  the  orifices  alluded  to  : these  I 
found  to  be  figured  in  a drawing  of  the  tongue  of  the  frog, 
sent  me  by  Dr.  Waller,  but  unaccompanied  by  any 
explanation. 

2.  A portion  of  the  same,  magnified  500  diameters,  showing  the 
incurrent  and  excurrent  vessel  of  the  gland,  the  mucous 
crypts,  and  the  net-work  formed  by  the  epithelium. 


1 


Plate  VJI . 


E.C. Kellogg  lith 


Plate  IX. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


Development  and  dissolution  of  the  Red  Blood  Corpuscles. 


Fig.  1.  Represents  the  development  of  the  red  blood  corpuscle  of  tie 
embryo  fowl,  on  the  third  day  of  its  growth,  obtained  from 
one  of  the  vessels  of  the  area  vasculosa : this  is  seen  to  be  of 
many  different  sizes,  the  smaller  being  scarcely  a third  the 
volume  of  the  larger  discs,  and  consisting  of  but  little  more 
than  a nucleus  and  an  envelope.  Numerous  molecules  are 
likewise  visible,  scattered  over  the  field. 

2.  The  same,  in  water. 

3.  The  red  blood  corpuscles  of  the  adult  fowl,  mostly  in  different 

stages  of  dissolution  ; the  larger  and  deeply  coloured  cor- 
puscles represent  the  fully-developed  discs  ; the  larger  and 
pale  ones,  with  the  distinct  nuclei,  those  the  dissolution  of 
which  has  just  commenced  ; the  smaller  and  colourless  ones, 
red  blood  discs  in  advanced  stages  of  dissolution,  the  sole 
remains  of  which  at  length  is  the  nucleus,  also  represented 
in  the  figure. 

4.  The  red  blood  corpuscle  of  the  young  frog  in  different  stages 

of  development.  First,  it  is  seen  as  a small  and  granular 
body  of  a circular  form  ; secondly,  it  assumes  an  oval  shape, 
but  still  retains  its  granular  constitution,  and  but  little  exceeds 
its  former  dimensions.  In  this  its  second  stage  of  develop- 
ment, it  is  still  colourless  : it  soon,  however,  grows  in  size, 
and  acquires  a greater  or  less  degree  of  colouration  ; so  that 
when  it  has  attained  one-half  or  two-thirds  of  its  size,  it  is 
nearly  as  deeply  coloured  as  the  full-grown  blood  disc  : the 
colourless  granular  nucleus  and  the  coloured  and  perfectly 
smooth  outer  portion  of  each  globule  are  not  at  first  distinctly 


separated  from  each  other,  the  former  being  at  its  origin 
rather  large,  and  without  any  defined  margin  : it  soon,  how- 
ever, shrinks  in  size,  and  assumes  a regular  oval  shape. 
Crescentic  bodies,  occasionally  met  with  in  the  blood  of  the 
frog,  and  probably  of  vegetable  nature,  are  also  represented 
in  the  figure. 

Fig.  5.  The  red  blood  corpuscle  of  the  adult  frog,  in  different  stages 
of  dissolution.  In  examining  a drop  of  the  blood  of  a full- 
grown  frog,  a much  greater  uniformity  in  the  size  of  the  red 
blood  discs  will  be  observed,  than  exists  in  that  of  the  very 
young  animal,  fewer  corpuscles  being  in  process  of  develop- 
ment in  the  former  than  in  the  latter. 

6.  Blood  corpuscles  of  the  adult  frog  united  into  chains,  an 
arrangement  which  appears  to  be  intimately  connected 
with  the  coagulation  of  the  fibrin. 


H Miller,  del 


E.C  Kellogg,  lith 


Plate  X. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 
Development  of  the  Embryo  of  the  Chick. 


Fig.  1.  The  appearance  of  the  cicatricula  in  the  yolk  prior  to 
incubation. 

2.  The  same  at  the  end  of  the  first  day  of  incubation  ; the  hcdones 

are  now  distinctly  visible,  as  also  the  area  pettucida , and 
nota  primitiva,  or  first  rudiment  of  the  young  chick. 

3.  The  same  at  the  termination  of  the  thirty-sixth  hour  of  incu- 

bation ; the  halones  have  become  more  marked  and  expanded, 
the  nota  primitiva  larger,  and  traces  of  blood-vessels  are 
now  for  the  first  time  distinctly  visible  in  the  germinal 
membrane. 

4.  The  same  at  the  close  of  the  second  day ; the  pulsation  of  the 

heart  and  the  vessels  of  the  area  vasculosa  are  clearly  visible ; 
within  them  the  coloured  corpuscles  may  be  seen  circulating. 

5.  The  same  at  the  end  of  the  third  day  of  development ; the 

area  vascidosa  has  now  extended  itself  to  two  or  three  times 
its  former  dimensions. 

6.  The  embryo  on  the  conclusion  of  the  fourth  day ; the  head, 

the  eye,  and  the  budding  of  the  allantois  are  now  seen  in 
addition  to  the  parts  previously  noticed. 

7.  The  embryo  at  the  termination  of  the  fifth  day  ; the  wing  and 

the  foot  have  made  their  appearance  ; the  limits  of  the  area 
vasculosa  cannot  now  be  seen,  it  extending  over  two-thirds 
of  the  surface  of  the  egg  ; after  this  and  the  following  day, 
the  periods  of  its  complete  development,  the  area  suffers  an 
arrest  of  growth,  and  the  vessels  contract  and  carry  but 
little  blood,  until  at  length  they  are  entirely  obliterated. 
The  allantois  has  on  this  day  attained  a considerable  size? 
and  its  further  growth  proceeds  with  the  utmost  rapidity. 


Fig.  8.  The  embryo  six  days  old,  with  the  allantois  separated  from 
the  area  vasculosa  and  the  yolk,  &c. 

9.  The  embryo  of  the  ninth  day  of  development,  seen  through 

the  allantois , which  now  invests  nearly  the  entire  surface 
of  the  yolk,  and  beneath  which  the  collapsed  and  faintly 
coloured  vessels  of  the  area  vasculosa  may  still  be  discerned. 
The  purpose  fulfilled  by  the  distribution  of  such  innumerable 
vessels  in  the  membrane  of  the  area  vasculosa , and  subse- 
quently in  the  allantois , is  but  temporary,  and  is  doubtless 
connected  with  respiration,  the  blood  in  these  vessels  being 
submitted  to  the  influence  of  the  oxygen  of  the  air,  which 
enters  the  egg  through  the  pores  contained  in  its  shell ; the 
vital  fluid  is  thus  regenerated  and  afterwards  reconveyed  to 
the  embryo  itself,  from  which  it  first  proceeded.  At  the 
completion  of  the  development  of  the  chick,  the  allantois 
undergoes  the  same  obliteration  of  its  vessels  which  the  area 
vasculosa  previously  suffered. 

10.  The  embryo  at  the  end  of  the  seventh  day  of  development 
removed  from  its  membranes. 

11.  The  same  at  the  end  of  the  ninth  day,  also  separated  from 
its  membranes. 

Such  is  a brief  sketch  of  the  marvellous  development  of  the  embryo 
of  the  chick. 


JT.  Miller,  del 


E C Kfillo^.Iith 


Plate  XI. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


Mucus. 


Fig.  1.  Mucus  corpuscles  of  their  ordinary  size,  form,  and  appearance. 

2.  The  same  collapsed,  owing  to  the  density  of  the  fluid  in  which 

they  are  contained  ; these  corpuscles  are  capable  of  resuming 
the  circular  form  by  the  addition  of  water. 

3.  Represents  the  action  of  water  on  the  mucus-corpuscles,  in 

which  they  increase  very  considerably  in  dimension,  the 
nucleus  which  is  usually  single  becoming  at  the  same  time 
more  distinct. 

4.  The  same  acted  on  by  very  dilute  acetic  acid,  under  the 

influence  of  which  the  originally  single  nucleus  becomes 
divided  into  two  parts,  the  portion  of  the  corpuscle  external 
to  these  remaining  granular. 

5.  Exhibits  the  action  of  undilute  acetic  acid,  under  which  the 

nucleus  becomes  divided  into  from  two  to  five,  or  even  more 
parts,  the  enveloping  portion  of  the  corpuscle  losing  its 
granular  texture,  and  appearing  perfectly  smooth  and 
transparent. 

6.  Mucus-corpuscles  in  process  of  development,  expressed  from 

the  cavity  of  a gland  situated  in  the  mucous  membrane 
lining  the  upper  portion  of  the  rectum  of  a child  who  died 
of  English  cholera. 


Plate  XII. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


Mucus. 

Fig.  1.  Represents  an  example  of  vaginal  mucus  obtained  during 
parturition,  and  containing  blood-corpuscles. 

2.  Is  a representation  of  oesophageal  mucus. 

3.  Exhibits  the  mucus-corpuscles  contained  in  some  bronchitic 

mucus,  and  obtained  from  a patient  labouring  under  chronic 
bronchitis.  The  mucus  was  ropy  and  tenacious,  and  many 
of  the  corpuscles  were  rendered  of  an  oval  form  by  the 
pressure  exerted  upon  them  by  \he  filaments,  of  which  the 
fluid  portion  of  true  mucus  is  constituted. 

4.  Vegetation  contained  in  the  same  mucus  as  that  from  which 

the  previous  figure  was  made. 

5.  Mucus  from  the  stomach. 

6.  Is  a representation  of  the  vaginal  tricho-monas  of  Donne, 

copied  from  the  atlas  appended  to  the  “ Cours  de  Micro- 
scopic.” 

It  may  here  be  observed  that  the  above  is  the  only  instance  of  a 
copied  figure  being  introduced  into  this  work,  and  that  in  no  case 
where  it  is  possible  to  procure  subjects  for  original  drawings,  will 
copied  ones  be  admitted. 


Tlautt  Xh 


3 


A 


5 


6 


E C Kello  e s 1:  tn 


E.  Miller,  del 


Plate  XIII. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


Pus. 


Fig.  1.  Is  a representation  of  an  example  cf  laudable  pus  formed  on 
a granulating  surface  on  the  arm  of  a child,  the  consequence 
of  a burn.  In  this  figure,  one  or  two  oil-globules  are  likewise 
introduced. 

2.  The  same  acted  on  by  acetic  acid,  and  showing  the  compound 

nuclei. 

3.  Pus-corpuscles  treated  with  water,  many  of  them  exhibiting 

but  a single  nucleus.  This  example  of  pus  was  obtained 
from  a pustule  formed  around  the  root  of  the  nail,  andinduced 
by  a prick  received  during  dissection. 

4.  Epithelial  scales  remarkable  for  the  great  size  of  their  nuclei. 

and  obtained  from  a small  pustule  situated  beneath  the  nail 
of  one  of  the  fingers,  and  which  pustule  was  also  the  result 
of  a prick  received  in  dissecting. 

5.  An  example  of  pus  obtained  from  an  old  scrofulous  abscess  : 

the  corpuscles  in  it  are  seen  to  be  mostly  broken  up  into  the 
primary  molecules  of  which  they  are  constituted. 

6.  An  example  of  venereal  pus,  showing  the  peculiar  animalcules 

described  by  Donne. 

The  whole  of  the  figures  contained  in  this  and  the  two  preceding 
plates  illustrate  human  microscopic  anatomy. 


T late  XIII. 


E.C  Kelloos.lith. 


Plate  XIV. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


Milk. 

Fig.  1.  The  globules  of  the  healthy  milk  of  a woman. 

2.  The  globules  contained  in  impoverished  human  milk,  which 

are  seen  to  be  smaller  in  size  and  fewer  in  number  than  in 
ordinary  milk. 

3.  An  example  of  colostrum,  on  the  first  day,  obtained  from  a 

young  woman  aged  nineteen,  delivered  of  her  first  child,  and 
showing  the  size  and  arrangement  of  the  ordinary  milk-glob- 
ules, as  well  as  the  structure  and  appearance  of  the  peculiar 
colostrum  corpuscles. 

4.  The  same  colostrum  of  the  same  age,  containing  a greater 

number  of  the  colostrum  corpuscles. 

5.  The  same  colostrum,  on  the  same  day,  exhibiting  the  great 

size  of  the  cream  globules,  which  appear  frequently  to  pre- 
sent rather  the  aspect  of  oil  than  that  of  true  milk-globules. 

6.  The  milk-globules  aggregated  into  masses,  as  occurs  in  cases 

of  engorgement  of  the  breast. 


fl  Miller,  del. 


E.C.  Kellogg.  Ml. 


Plate  XV. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


Milk. 

Fig.  1.  An  example  of  pus  in  the  milk  of  woman. 

2.  The  same  of  the  blood-corpuscles  in  human  milk. 

3.  The  appearance  of  the  milk  after  treatment  by  ether. 

4.  The  same  after  the  application  of  acetic  acid. 

5.  Caseine  precipitated  from  the  filtered  serum  by  acetic  acid. 

6.  A specimen  of  the  milk  of  the  cow  in  which  adulteration  with 

starch  was  revealed  by  treatment  with  the  iodide  of  potassium. 

For  many  of  the  examples  of  human  milk  upon  which  my  observa- 
tions were  made,  and  from  which  several  of  the  figures  were  prepared, 
I am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Robert  Barnes,  District  Surgeon 
to  the  Queen  Adelaide  Lying-in  Hospital. 


1 


Plate  XVI. 


Semen. 

Fig.  1.  The  spermatic  animalcules  and  “ seminal  granules”  contained 
in  the  human  semen  as  ejaculated,  magnified  900  diameters, 
and  to  which  are  added  several  spermatophori,  magnified  to 
the  same  extent,  and  introduced  to  render  the  representation 
of  the  development  of  the  spermatozoa  of  man  more  com- 
plete. The  larger  seminal  granules  mostly  contained  a 
single  distinct  nucleus,  -which  renders  it  probable  that  they 
are  spermatophori  in  progress  of  development. 

2.  Represents  the  several  stages  of  evolution  of  the  spermatic 
animalcules  of  certhia  familiaris  (common  creeper) ; l,  an 
adult  spermatozoon,  taken  from  the  orifice  of  the  vas  defe- 
rens ; a,  seminal  granule,  procured  from  a very  collapsed 
testicle  in  the  winter  season  ; b to  7c,  spermatophori  in  differ- 
ent stages  of  development,  taken  from  a testicle  in  summer, 
during  turgescence.  Magnified  900  diameters. 

This  figure  is  copied  from  Wagner’s  “Elements  of  Special 
Physiology.” 


1 


Tlafr  XVI. 


S. Miller  del. 


Plate  XVIII. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  130  diameters. 


Fat. 


A portion  of  the  great  omentum  of  a child  aged  seven  years. 
The  fat  cells  are  seen  to  be  small,  perfectly  globular,  and 
aggregated  into  clusters,  which  lie  near  to  and  in  the  course 
of  the  blood-vessels. 

A portion  of  the  fat  of  an  adult  taken  from  over  the  gluteus 
muscle.  The  fat  cells  in  it  are  observed  to  be  of  larger 
size,  and  many  of  them  are  polyhedral ; these  cells  are  also 
seen  to  be  held  in  union  by  an  enclosing  membrane  of  cellu- 
lar tissue. 


2 


Plate  XIX. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  130  diameters. 


Pat. 


Fig.  1.  Fat  vesicles  of  the  pig,  in  which  the  appearance  of  a nucleus 
was  produced  by  moderate  compression  between  two  plates 
of  glass. 

2.  The  fat  vesicles  of  the  pig,  ruptured  by  compression  between 

two  plates  of  glass : the  contents  of  the  cells  are  seen 
escaping  from  their  enclosing  membranes. 

3.  Fat  cells,  forming  part  of  the  marrow  contained  in  the  femur 

of  a child  aged  about  ten  years  ; in  these  a large  nucleUs-like 
body  is  visible,  the  formation  of  which  probably  depended 
upon  a change  in  the  condition  of  the  contents  of  the  cells 
induced  by  decomposition. 

4.  The  same  cells  in  a further  stage  of  decomposition  : the 

membranes  of  the  cells  have  become  ruptured,  and  are 
clearly  seen  broken  and  empty,  lying  beside  their  escaped 
contents,  which  either  become  broken  up,  and  assume  the 
form  of  drops  of  oil  of  different  sizes,  or  remain  entire,  in 
which  case  they  frequently  exhibit  the  crystalline  appearance 
portrayed  in  figure  5. 

5.  Human  fat  vesicles,  on  the  surface  of  which  crystals,  supposed 

to  be  those  of  margaric  acid,  radiating  from  a centre,  have 
appeared  : their  presence  is  to  be  regarded  as  an  indication 
that  decomposition  has  begun  to  affect  the  contents  of  the 
cells. 

6.  Fat  cells,  contained  in  a small  melicerous  tumour  removed 

from  over  the  nasal  bones,  in  all  of  which  a nucleus-like 
body  was  clearly  visible. 

The  tumour  from  which  the  figure  was  taken  was  kindly  forwarded 
for  examination  by  Mr.  Ransom,  of  the  University  College  Hospital. 


1 


2 


’ > A f 

A 

I 

/ V . I 

4 V'JL 

k>-  is 

OT 

Plate,  XIX 


Plate  XX. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


Fig.  1.  Buccal  epithelial  cells  in  different  stages  of  development,  from 
their  earliest  condition,  in  which  they  bear  the  form  of 
mucus-corpuscles,  to  their  fully  developed  state.  For  a 
representation  of  the  epithelial  cells  of  the  vagina  and 
oesojAagus,  see  Plate  XII.,  Jigs.  1 and  2. 

2.  Cylindrical  or  cuneiform  epithelial  cells,  taken  from  the  duode- 
num of  a child  seven  days  old : those  of  the  adult  are  in 
every  respect  identical ; the  group  of  angular  cells  at  the 
inferior  part  of  the  figure  represents  the  summits  of  the 
cuneiform  epithelial  cells. 


Plate  XX. 


-.“I  m: filer  del. 


E.C.  Kellogg,  lith. 


Plate  XXI. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 


Fig.  1.  Ciliary  epithelium  from  the  trachea  of  the  frog  : it  will  be  seen 
that  the  form  of  the  cells  is  very  different  from  that  of 
mammalia. 

2.  Human  ciliary  epithelium  contained  in  the  fluid  expressed 

from  a portion  of  lung  taken  from  its  extreme  periphery, 
and  apparently  consisting  of  air  cells  alone.  It  is  mixed  up 
with  cells  of  tessellated  epithelium. 

3.  Human  ciliary  epithelium  from  the  trachea  ; both  side  and 

end  views  of  the  cells  are  given. 

4.  Tessellated  epithelium  from  the  tongue  of  the  frog. 

5.  Tessellated  epithelium  from  the  tongue  of  the  Triton  : the 

nuclei  are  seen  to  be  very  large,  their  great  size  affording  an 
illustration  of  the  law  which  has  already  been  announced, 
viz.,  that  all  the  corpuscular  elements  of  the  animal  organi- 
zation, whether  those  of  the  epithelium,  the  glands,  cartilages 
or  muscles,  stand  in  relation  with  the  dimensions  of  the  blood 
discs  ; where  these  are  large,  the  other  corpuscles  are  formed 
on  a similar  relative  scale. 

It  is  probable  that  the  la  w admits  of  extension , and  that  all  the  elements 
of  the  animal  structure  bear  a relation  in  size  to  the  red  blood  discs. 

Mr.  John  Quekett  made  the  interesting  observation,  some  time  since, 
that  the  relative  size  of  the  lacunte  of  bone  corresponded  with  that 
of  the  blood  corpuscles,  a further  illustration  of  the  accuracy  of  the 
law  referred  to. 

Wishing  to  test  the  truth  of  this  law  in  as  satisfactory  and  conclu- 
sive a manner  as  possible,  I applied  to  Professor  Owen  for  a specimen 


of  the  Siren  or  Proteus,  animals  remarkable  for  the  dimensions  of 
their  blood  discs,  and  that  gentleman  kindly  placed  at  my  disposal  an 
example  of  the  Meno-branchus  lateralis , a member  of  the  same 
perenni-branchiate  group,  and  the  blood  corpuscles  of  which  “ are 
rather  larger  than  those  of  the  Proteus,  but  not  so  large  as  those  of 
the  Siren.”  In  this  animal  I found,  as  I had  anticipated,  that  the 
soundness  of  the  law  was  fully  maintained. 

The  law  announced  would  doubtless  be  cited  by  those  physiologists 
who  entertain  the  idea  that  all  the  corpuscular  elements  of  the  animal 
fabric  proceed  from  the  red  blood  disc,  as  a proof  of  the  truth  of  their 
theory,  against  which,  however,  I conceive  that  sound  and  conclusiv  e 
arguments  may  be  urged. 


Miller,  del.  E.C.  Kellogg,  nth 


ALL  THE  FIGURES  LN  THIS  PLATE  ARE  HUMAN. 


Plate  XXII. 


The  figures  in  this  plate  are  magnified  670  diameters. 

Fig.  1.  Tesselated  epithelium  from  the  serous  coat  of  the  liver  ; from 
some  of  the  cells  the  nuclei  have  escaped. 

2.  Ditto  from  the  choroid  plexus  ; the  spines  described  by  Henle 

as  proceeding  from  the  angles  of  the  cells  must  be  of  unusual 
occurrence,  as  I have  never  yet  seen  them. 

3.  Ditto  from  the  vena  cava  inferior  in  different  stages  of  devel- 

opment, from  the  white  corpuscle  of  the  blood  upwards. 

4.  Ditto  of  the  arch  of  the  aorta ; some  of  the  cells  are  seen  to 

have  lost  their  nuclei. 

5.  Ditto  from  the  surface  of  the  uterus  of  a woman  who  died 

suddenly  during  lactation. 

6.  Ditto  from  the  internal  surface  of  the  pericardium. 


ThUe-'miT- 


£. ('.Kellogg.  litK. 


Till 


. del 


* 


Plate  XXIII. 


Upper  surface  of  epidermis,  raised  by  means  of  a blister 
from  over  the  region  of  the  heart  of  a woman  : it  exhibits 
the  cellular  constitution  of  the  epidermis,  the  papillfe  and 
apertures  of  the  sebaceous  and  sudoriferous  glands.  100 
diameters. 

The  under  surface  of  the  same,  exhibiting  the  infundibuliform 
processes  of  the  epidermis  sent  down  to  the  sebaceous  and 
sudoriferous  glands.  130  diameters. 


1 


Rate  XXIII. 


Plate  XXIV 


Structure  of  Epidermis. 


Fig.  1.  A portion  of  the  epidermis  of  the  palm  of  the  hand,  magnified 
with  a simple  lens,  showing  the  direction  of  the  rugae  in 
that  situation,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  apertures  of  the 
sudoriferous  glands.  Each  of  the  ridges  figured  is  made  up 
of  square  compartments,  the  divisional  lines  of  which  run  at 
right  angles  to  the  ridges,  passing  across  th  e apertu  res  referred 
to.  These  several  compartments  again  are  indented  on  their 
under  surface  with  the  papillae  of  the  sensitive  skin. 

2.  A portion  of  the  same,  magnified  100  diameters. 

3.  A transverse  section  of  the  ridges  of  the  epidermis  of  the  palm 

of  the  hand,  showing  a side  view  of  the  apertures  of  the 
sudoriferous  glands,  their  spiral  ducts,  the  thickness  of  the 
epidermis  in  the  situation  mentioned,  its  composition  of 
superimposed  layers  of  cells,  and  its  mode  of  connexion 
with  the  true  skin.  100  diameters. 

4.  A longitudinal  section  of  one  of  the  ridges,  magnified  to  the 

same  extent  as  the  previous  figure,  viz. : 100  diameters  : in 
this  the  composition  of  the  thickened  epidermis  of  adherent 
layers  of  cells  is  better  seen,  and  the  difference  in  the  form 
of  the  superficial  aud  deeper  seated  cells  may  also  he 
observed. 

5.  A portion  of  the  epidermis  removed  from  the  back  and  outer 

part  of  the  hand,  showing  the  disposition  of  the  folds  in  that 
situation,  the  arrangement  of  the  papillae,  the  disposition  ot 
the  hair  follicles  and  hairs,  and  the  apertures  of  the  sudorif- 
erous and  sebaceous  glands.  Magnified  with  a simple  lens. 

6.  A piece  of  the  same,  magnified  100  diameters,  showing  that 

each  line  is  a furrow  or  groove,  a provision  which  allows  of 
a very  great  extension  of  the  epidermis. 


5 


6 


E C Kellotfg.litli 


Plate  XXV. 


Structure  of  Nails. 


Fig.  1.  A longitudinal  section  of  the  nail  of  the  middle  finger,  magni- 
fied 130  diameters,  showing  the  direction  of  the  striae  or 
laminae  of  cells  of  which  the  nail  is  composed,  and  which 
usually  pass  from  above  downwards  and  forwards.  In  the 
section  shown  in  the  figure,  the  obliquity  of  the  striae  is  but 
slight ; the  under  surface  of  the  nail  is  distinguished  from 
the  upper  by  its  smooth  outline. 

2.  The  same,  in  which  the  striae  are  disposed  more  obliquely, 

but  in  a contrary  and  unusual  direction  ; viz.  from  above 
downwards  and  backwards.  130  diameters. 

3.  Other  longitudinal  sections,  in  one  of  which  the  striae  run 

almost  vertically.  130  diameters. 

4.  A transverse  section  of  nail,  magnified  to  the  same  extent  as 

the  former  figures  ; in  it  the  striae  are  parallel  to  the  surface, 
and  are  less  strongly  marked. 

5.  The  detached  cells  of  which  the  superimposed  layers  of  nails 

are  composed ; the  smaller  cells  are  magnified  130  diameters, 
the  larger  670. 

4.  Plate  XXYI.  represents  the  peculiar  and  beautiful  manner  in 
which  the  nail  and  the  papillary  layer  of  the  true  skin  are 
united. 


Plato  XXV. 


I Miller,  del,  ad.  nat. 


Plate  XXVI. 


Structure  of  Epidermis,  etc. 


Fig.  1.  A portion  of  epidermis  taken  from  the  back  and  outer  part  of 
the  hand,  magnified  100  diameters,  and  viewed  on  its  upper 
surface,  showing  the  elevations  by  which  it  is  marked,  and 
which  are  produced  by  the  papillm  of  the  true  skin. 

2.  The  same  viewed  on  the  under  surface,  showing  the  depres- 

sions occasioned  by  the  papillae.  The  number  of  apertures 
of  the  ducts  of  the  sudoriferous  and  sebaceous  glands  is,  in 
reference  to  that  of  the  papillae,  about  one  of  the  former  to 
six  or  seven  of  the  latter.  100  diameters. 

3.  A portion  of  epidermis,  magnified  100  diameters,  removed  from 

over  the  pubis  of  a woman,  and  displaying  the  apertures  of 
the  hair  follicles,  and  the  manner  in  which  the  hairs  issue 
from  them.  Some  of  the  follicles  contain  but  a single  hair, 
others  two  or  even  three  : it  is  probable  that  this  last  is  the 
normal  number  of  hairs  enclosed  in  each  follicle  wherever 
situated,  but  which  in  the  adult  is  not  generally  encountered 
in  consequence  of  the  continual  removal  to  which  hairs  are 
subject.  It  is  about  the  apertures  of  the  hair  follicles  that 
the  scurf  is  formed,  and  concerning  which  a very  erroneous 
notion  prevails,  viz.,  that  it  is  constituted  of  desquamated 
epidermis.  Scurf  does  not  in  the  least  exhibit  the  structure 
of  epidermis,  but  simply  consists  of  the  inspissated  secretion 
of  the  sebaceous  glands,  and  many  of  which,  opening  into 
the  hair  follicles,  account  for  its  collection  around  their 
orifices. 

4.  A transverse  section  of  the  nail  of  the  middle-toe  of  an  adult, 

magnified  100  diameters,  showing  its  lamellated  structure, 


and  the  mode  of  its  connection  with  the  papillary  layer  of 
the  dermis  by  mutually  interlocking  processes.  This  mode 
of  union  is  excessively  firm,  and  is  precisely  that  employed 
by  carpenters,  and  known  by  the  appellation  of  “ dovetailing.” 
Fig.  5.  A portion  of  epidermis  removed  from  the  back  of  the  neck  by 
means  of  a blister,  and  magnified  670  diameters.  The 
younger  cells  are  seen  to  be  filled  with  a straw-coloured 
fluid,  the  serum  extracted  through  the  agency  of  the  vesicant. 

6.  a.  Some  detached  cells  of  epidermis,  obtained  by  scraping  the 
sole  of  the  foot,  magnified  670  diameters.  Cells  in  a similar 
state  exist  beneath  the  nails,  around  the  nipple,  and  on  the 
surface  of  the  body  of  new-born  children  where  the  creamy 
scum  formed  by  them  and  intermingled  with  fatty  matter 
poured  out  by  the  sebaceous  glands  has  been  named  Yertiix 
caseosa.  (See  c.) — b.  Cells  of  some,  magnified  130  diame- 
ters.— d.  Cells  of  epithelium  from  the  mouth  of  the  3Teno- 
branchus  lateralis  : they  are  introduced  for  the  purpose  of 
showing  the  accuracy  of  the  law  of  the  relation  in  size  of 
the  several  elements  entering  into  the  composition  of  the 
animal  frame. — e.  Two  or  three  epithelial  cells  of  the  lateral 
ventricles  of  the  brain.  I have  recently  ascertained  that 
the  epithelium  of  the  frontal  sinuses  is,  as  stated,  ciliated.  I 
cannot  help  suspecting,  however,  that  it  is  not  in  all  cases 
so.  No  amount  of  care  has  succeeded  in  the  detection  of 
ciliary  epithelium  in  the  ventricles  of  the  brain.  The  epi- 
dermis of  tritons  and  frogs  consists  of  hexagonal,  translucent, 
and  adherent  cells,  containing  distinct  granular  nuclei. 


2 


Plate  XXVI. 


6 


E.C  Kellogg,  lith 


Plate  XXVII. 


Figment  Cells. 


Fig.  1.  Pigment  cells  and  granules  taken  from  off  the  inner  surface 
of  the  choroid  membrane  of  the  human  eye,  magnified  670 
diameters. 

2.  The  pigment  cells  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  choroid  of  the 

eye  of  the  pig,  magnified  350  diameters. 

3.  Displays  the  linear  and  branched  disposition  of  the  stelliform 

pigment  cells  of  the  lamina  fusca  of  the  eye  of  the  pig.  A 
similar  disposition  of  these  cells  also  exists  in  the  human  eye, 
but  in  light-coloured  eyes  is  not  strongly  marked : the 
branches  commence  on  the  posterior  part  of  the  lamina, 
miscalled  fusca,  since  in  some  instances  it  is  jetty  black, 
are  at  first  thick  and  closely  arranged  ; as  the}'  approach 
the  anterior  part  of  the  eye,  however,  they  diminish  in  size, 
and  are  separated  by  distinct  intervals.  This  figure  is 
magnified  100  diameters. 

4.  a.  Human  stelliform  pigment  cells  of  the  eye,  magnified  330 

diameters.  b.  Pigment  cells  of  the  skin  of  the  negro, 
enlarged  670  diameters,  c.  Pigment  cells  from  the  lungs, 
magnified  to  the  same  extent. 

5.  A portion  of  the  epidermis  of  the  negro,  magnified  3-50  diame- 

ters, and,  viewed  on  its  under  surface,  the  pigment  cells  are 
seen  to  be  collected  principally  in  the  furrows  which  exist 
between  the  papilla;,  the  depressions  produced  by  which  are 
also  represented  in  the  figure. 

6.  A portion  of  the  epidermis  removed  from  the  areola  around 

the  nipple,  of  a woman  recently  delivered,  and  also  viewed 
upon  its  under  surface.  It  is  seen  to  differ  solely  from  the 
epidermis  of  the  negro  in  the  smaller  number  of  pigment 
cells  contained  in  it.  350  diameters. 

Obs.  Pigment  cells  and  granules  frequently  exist  in  the  fibres  of 
the  external  surface  of  the  sclerotic  of  some  animals,  as  the  pig;  and 
it  is  probable  that  in  some  instances  they  may  be  found  in  those  of 
the  eye  of  man. 


1 


1 


Plate,.  XXVII. 


Plate  XXVIII. 


Structure  of  Hair. 


. 1.  Shows  the  structure  and  depth  of  implantation  of  the  entire 
root  of  a hair  of  the  scalp,  magnified  130  diameters  : it  dis- 
plays the  two  sheaths  which  include  the  stem,  and  its  dilated 
extremity,  the  bulb,  and  which  is  seen  to  rest  upon  a distinct 
cellular  vesicle  ; the  outer  sheath  completely  surrounds  the 
base  of  the  pair,  and  cuts  it  off  from  all  direct  vascular  sup- 
ply ; the  vessels,  however,  which  nourish  the  hair  are  seen 
to  ramify  on  the  external  surface  of  this  sheath,  which  is 
also  observed  to  be  surrounded  by  flit  vesicles,  the  root  hav- 
ing passed  through  the  thickness  of  the  skin,  and  imbedded 
itself  in  the  subcutaneous  and  fatty  cellular  tissue. 

2.  The  root  of  a gray  hair  forcibly  removed  from  the  scalp;  in 

this  the  outer  sheath  is  seen  to  be  broken  off  just  above  the 
place  at  which  the  stem  begins  to  dilate  into  the  bulb ; a 
similar  rupture  almost  invariably  occurs  in  the  outer  sheath 
of  all  hairs,  whether  coloured  or  uncoloured,  which  are 
forcibly  uprooted.  The  contrast  between  the  coloured  and 
the  uncoloured  hair  is  striking.  130  diameters. 

3.  The  cells  of  which  the  outer  sheath  is  composed,  magnified 

670  diameters. 

4.  A portion  of  the  inner  sheath,  seen  on  its  inner  surface,  and 

magnified  350  diameters  ; this  is  lined  with  a layer  of  elon- 
gated and  nucleated  cells  ; the  outer  portion  of  this  sheath  is 
distinctly  fibrous,  the  fibres  being  formed  out  of  the  cells,  the 
nuclei  of  which  become  absorbed  : the  inner  surface  also 
exhibits  transverse  markings,  the  impressions  of  the  scales 
of  the  stem  of  the  hair. 

5.  Some  of  the  pigment  cells,  of  a multitude  of  which  the  bulb 

of  the  hair  is  composed  : magnified  670  diameters. 


Pla  to  XXVIII 


•Miller,  del.adnat. 


E C Kelloft.lith, 


Plate  XXIX. 


Structure  of  Hair. 

Fig.  1.  A portion  of  the  stem  of  a gray  hair  of  the  scalp,  magnified 
350  diameters,  showing  the  medullary  canal,  the  fibres  of 
the  stem,  and  the  outer  imbricated  scales. 

2,  3.  Transverse  sections  of  hairs  of  the  beard:  magnified  130 
diameters. 

4.  The  fibres  of  the  stem  of  a hair,  magnified  G70  diameters. 

It  is  most  probable  that  these  fibres  originate  in  the  same 
way  as  those  of  the  inner  sheath,  viz.  in  nucleated  cells. 

5,  6,  7.  Apices  of  hairs:  figs.  6 and  7 represent  the  points  of 

two  hairs  of  the  scalp,  magnified  350  diameters;  and  fig.  5 
that  of  one  of  the  perinaenm.  All  hairs  taken  from  this 
region,  as  well  as  those  of  the  axilla,  present  similar  obtuse 
extremities,  which  probably  result  from  the  constant  friction 
to  which  they  are  subject  in  those  situations. 

8,  9,  represent  the  roots  of  two  hairs  of  the  scalp,  removed  with 
the  comb ; the  sheaths,  vesicle,  and  lower  portion  of  the 
bulb  having  remained  behind.  All  hairs  removed  with  the 
comb  and  brush  present  the  same  appearances,  that  of  fig. 
8 being  by  far  the  most  common  form.  Magnified  130 
diameters. 

10.  A hair  from  the  whisker,  magnified  130  diameters,  and  con- 
taining two  medullary  canals. 


Route,  XXIX. 


JB.  C.  Kellogg,  lith 


jMiller,  del.  ad  nit. 


Plate  XXX. 


Structure  of  Cartilage. 


Fig.  1.  A transverse  section  of  the  cartilage  of  a rib,  magnified  350 
diameters,  showing  the  perichondrium  and  the  compressed 
cells  of  the  margin  of  the  cartilage.  It  is  most  probable 
that  it  is  in  the  space  between  the  perichondrium  and  the 
external  surface  of  the  rib  that  the  chief  development  of 
new  cells  takes  place. 

2.  A transverse  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  parent  cells, 

which  are  situated  more  deeply  in  the  cartilage  of  the  rib. 
350  diameters. 

3.  A vertical  section  of  the  articular  cartilage  of  the  head  of  the 

first  phalanx  of  the  second  finger,  including  also  a portion  of 
the  bone,  the  cancelli  of  which  contain  numerous  hone  cells, 
and  the  spaces  between  which  are  filled  with  fat  vesicles. 
Magnified  130  diameters. 

4.  A vertical  section  of  the  outer  part  of  an  intervertebral  car- 

tilage, including  a portion  of  the  bone.  But  few  corpuscles, 
and  these  for  the  most  part  calcified,  occur  in  the  outer  part 
of  these  cartilages  : the  medullary  cells  of  the  bone  are  seen 
to  be  filled  with  fat  vesicles,  granular  nucleated  cells,  and 
effused  blood- corpuscles.  It  sometimes  happens  that  a layer 
of  true  articular  cartilage  is  formed  on  the  surface  of  the 
bone,  and  then  the  fibres  of  the  fibro-cartilnge  take  their 
origin  from  it,  and  not  from  the  bone  itself.  SO  diameters. 


1 


2 


Plate,  XXX  . 


3 


’ 


E.C  Kellogg,  lith 


. 


Plate  XXXI. 

Structure  of  Cartilage. 


Fig.  1.  A thin  transverse  section  of  the  cartilage  of  the  concha  of 
© © 

the  ear:  magnified  350  diameters. 

2.  The  cells  of  the  centre  of  an  intervertebral  cartilage  in  the 

different  stages  of  their  development.  350  diameters. 

3.  A longitudinal  section  of  the  cartilage  and  bone  of  the  rib  of 

an  adult,  showing  the  mode  of  union  between  the  two. 
Magnified  130  diameters. 

4.  A transverse  section  of  one  of  the  rings  of  the  trachea ; in 

these  the  cells  are  so  closely  aggregated  that  but  little  room 
is  left  between  them  for  intercellular  substance.  350  dia- 
meters. 

5.  A transverse  section  of  the  thyroid  cartilage  of  a young  man, 

eighteen  years  of  age,  in  which  fibres  analogous  to  those 
of  the  fibro-cartilages  have  made  their  appearance.  130 
diameters. 


1 


2 


Plate  XXX!. 


5 


E.C.Kellogi.Mi 


Plate  XXXII. 


Structure  of  Bone. 


Fig.  1.  A transverse  section  of  ulna,  magnified  GO  diameters,  showing 
the  Haversian  canals,  the  difference  in  the  size  of  those  sit- 
uated on  the  outer  and  inner  portions  of  the  section,  the 
systems  of  the  lamellae  by  which  each  canal  is  surrounded, 
and  the  bone  cells  placed  between  the  lamellae. 

2.  Cross-section  of  Haversian  canals,  magnified  220  diameters, 

showing  the  lamellae,  and  the  bone  cells  with  their  anasta- 
mosing  canaliculi  more  distinctly. 

3.  The  same,  still  more  highly  magnified,  viz.  670  diameters. 

4.  Longitudinal  section  of  long  bone,  magnified  about  40  diame- 

ters, showing  the  Haversian  canals,  seen  lengthways,  the 
direction  of  the  lamellae  and  the  bone  cells. 


4 


Plate  XXXIII 


Structure  and  Development  of  Bone. 


Fig.  1.  Parietal  bone  of  human  foetus,  aged  about  two  months,  mag- 
nified 30  diameters. 

2.  A portion  of  the  same,  magnified  GO  diameters,  showing  the 

bone  cells  in  process  of  development,  some  of  which  are 
seen  lying  loose  in  the  spaces  between  the  spicula,  and 
which  were  destined,  eventually,  to  become  included  in  the 
ossific  deposition. 

3.  Spicula  of  bone  of  a foetal  humerus,  showing  the  gradual 

deposition  of  the  bony  matter  in  the  meshes  of  fibrous  tissue, 
and  altogether  independently  of  cartilage,  magnified  350 
diameters. 

4.  Lamina  of  a long  bone,  magnified  500  diameters,  drawn  from 

a preparation  kindly  placed  at  the  author’s  disposal  by  Dr. 
Sharpey,  by  whom  the  structure  figured  was  first  described. 

5.  Cancelli  of  one  of  the  long  bones  of  a human  foetus,  magnified 

350  diameters,  showing  the  vast  numbers  of  granular  cor- 
puscles which  the  medullary  cells  of  bone  of  every  age  con- 
tain, but  which  are  especially  abundant  in  foetal  bones ; the 
larger  cells  are  magnified  750  diameters. 

6.  Cross-section  of  the  femur  of  a pigeon,  fed  for  twenty-four 

hours  upon  madder.  This  drawing  was  made  from  a beau- 
tiful preparation  belonging  to  Mr.  Tomes,  aud  lent  me  by 
that  gentleman.  Magnified  220  diameters. 


2 I^Latc  XXXIT1. 


E.C-Kelio§§,  lirti . 


Plate  XXXIV 


Development  of  Bone. 


Fig.  1.  Longitudinal  section  of  the  epiphysis  and  a portion  of  the 
shaft  of  a foetal  femur  at  the  ninth  month,  magnified  100 
diameters,  and  showing  the  columnar  arrangement  of  the 
cartilage  cells,  together  with  the  increased  size  of  the  lower 
cells,  and  the  invading  spicula  of  the  newly-formed  bone. 

2.  Transverse  section  of  primary  cancelli,  magnified  350  diame- 

ters, showing  the' included  nuclei  of  cartilage  cells  contained 
in  the  medullary  cells  or  spaces. 

3.  Transverse  section  of  primary  cancelli,  magnified  to  the  same 

extent  as  the  last  figure,  in  a more  advanced  stage  of  their 
formation,  many  of  the  first  formed  cancelli  or  septa  having 
been  absorbed,  as  well  as  the  cell  wall  of  the  cartilage  cor- 
puscles themselves. 

4.  Longitudinal  section  of  the  epiphysis  and  a portion  of  the 

shaft  of  a foetal  femur  at  the  ninth  month,  magnified  350 
diameters. 


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Plate  XXXV. 


Development  of  Bone. 


Fig.  1.  A transverse  section  of  the  cartilaginous  epiphysis  of  the  lower 
end  of  humerus,  magnified  30  diameters,  showing  the  aper- 
tures of  the  canals  by  which  it  is  traversed. 

2.  The  same  in  connexion  with  the  hone : in  this  figure  it  will 

he  observed  that  there  are  fewer  canals,  that  these  are  of 
larger  calibre,  and  that  the  cartilage  cells  are  disposed 
around  them  in  a radiate  manner  in  groups.  30  diameters. 

3.  One  of  the  apertures  of  the  canal,  more  highly  magnified,  330 

diameters,  showing  more  clearly  the  arrangement  of  the  cells 
around  it,  the  contents  of  the  canal  being  granular  corpuscles 
and  blood-vessels,  as  well  as  the  fact  that  the  intercellular 
spaces  nearest  to  the  opening  are  the  last  to  become  con- 
verted into  bone:  in  most  of  the  medullary  spaces  of  the 
second  tier,  the  granular  corpuscles  have  already  made  their 
appearance,  the  cartilage  cells  having  been  removed  by 
absorption. 

4.  The  blood-vessels  of  the  medullary  cells  of  a young  bone  near 

the  epiphysis  injected.  For  the  sjtecimen  from  which  this 
figure  was  drawn  I am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Mr. 
Quekett,  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 

5.  Transverse  section  of  the  shaft  of  a foetal  long  bone,  displaying 

the  fact  that  in  foetal  bones  there  are  no  Haversian  canals, 
such  entirely  consisting  of  medullary  cells.  20  diameters. 

6.  Transverse  section  of  the  rib  of  an  adult,  magnified  130  diam- 

eters, passing  obliquely  through  the  junction  of  the  cartilage 
with  the  bone : in  the  upper  part  of  the  figure  the  cancelli 
are  seen,  including  the  terminal  portions  of  the  lowest  tier 
of  cartilage  cells. 


1 


2 


Plate,  XXXV. 


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Plate  XXXVI. 


Structure  of  Teeth. 


Fig.  1.  Vertical  section  of  incisor  tooth,  magnified  with  a lens  only, 
and  showing  the  three  constituents  of  which  every  human 
tooth  is  composed,  viz.  superiorly,  the  enamel ; inferiorly, 
the  cementum  ; and  in  the  centre,  the  dentine,  traversed  in 
the  midst  by  the  medullary  cavity. 

2.  Tubes  of  the  dentine,  showing  their  ordinary  mode  of  termi- 

nation in  connexion  with  the  cementum,  magnified  670 
diameters. 

3.  A not  unfrequent  condition  of  the  tubes  of  the  dentine,  show- 

ing their  repeated  division,  and  their  connexion  with  hone 
cells  near  their  termination.  670  diameters. 

4.  Tubes  of  the  dentine  near  their  commencement  from  the  pulp 

cavity  seen  lengthways:  one  of  the  tubes  may  be  observed 
to  divide  in  a diachotomous  manner.  670  diameters. 

5.  Oblique  section  of  tubes  of  the  dentine.  670  diameters. 

6.  Transverse  section  of  ditto.  670  diameters. 

7.  Displays  the  breaking  up  of  the  tubes  of  the  dentine  into  hone 

cells : this  occurs  principally  near  the  terminations  of  those 
tubes  which  pass  towards  the  cementum,  and  not  of  those 
which  run  towards  the  enamel : this  condition  does  not  pre- 
sent itself  in  every  tooth.  670  diameters. 

8.  Tubes  of  the  dentine,  midway  between  their  origin  and  their 

termination,  dilated  into  bone  cells.  670  diameters.  This 
figure  is  taken  from  a specimen  kindly  lent  me  by  Mr.  Tomes. 


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Plate  XXXVII. 


Structure  of  Teeth. 


Fig.  1.  Section  of  cementnm,  magnified  670  diameters;  internally, 
but  really  near  the  outer  margin  of#the  cementum,  some 
imperfectly  developed  bone  cells  may  be  observed,  each 
surrounded  by  a clear  space,  having  some  resemblance  to  a 
cell  wall ; externally,  and  bordering  upon  the  dentine,  a 
closely  aggregated  layer  of  still  more  imperfectly  formed 
bone  cells  are  seen. 

2.  Section  of  same  traversed  by  tubes,  continuations  of  those  of 

the  dentine.  670  diameters. 

3.  Section  of  cementum,  showing  a number  of  small  angular 

cells,  and  which  may  frequently  be  observed  in  that  portion 
of  the  cementum  which  lies  near  to  the  dentine.  670 
diameters. 

4.  Oblique  section  of  healthy  dentine,  over  the  surface  of  which 

a fungus  has  developed  itself.  It  is  no  uncommon  circum- 
stance to  meet  with  sections  thus  completely  invested  with 
a similar  fungus;  I have  seen  several  such.  o70  diameters. 

5.  Oblique  section  of  dentine,  in  which  numerous  bright  globules, 

having  a resemblance  to  oil-globules,  are  observed  to  be 
present.  350  diameters. 

6.  Section  of  secondary  dentine,  and  which  also  contains  Haver- 

sian canals.  This  drawing  was  made  from  a preparation 
belonging  to  Mr.  Tomes.  350  diameters. 

7.  Transverse  section  of  bicuspid  tooth,  showing  the  presence 

of  an  Haversian  canal  in  the  cementum,  magnified  with  a 
lens  only.  This  drawing  has  also  been  made  from  an  inter- 
esting preparation,  the  property  of  Mr.  Tomes. 


Plate  XXXIX. 


Structure  of  Tendons,  Teeth,  and  Fibrous  Tissue. 

Fig.  1.  Longitudinal  section  of  a tendon,  showing  the  presence  in  it 
of  nucleated  fibres  of  elastic  tissue  ; these  are  best  seen  after 
the  application  of  acetic  acid,  but  may  be  clearly  recognized 
without  the  employment  of  that  reagent.  670  diameters. 

2.  Transverse  section  of  same,  from  which  it  becomes  evident 

that  the  fibres  are  branched.  670  diameters. 

3.  Vertical  section  of  enamel,  magnified  220  diameters.  The 

enamel  cells  thus  lowly  magnified  give  the  section  a fibrous 
appearance. 

4.  A portion  of  enamel,  magnified  670  diameters,  and  showing 

the  enamel  cells  still  more  clearly. 

5.  Transverse  section  of  enamel,  showing  the  hexagonal  form  of 

the  enamel  cells.  670  diameters. 

6.  Inelastic  fibrous  tissue,  magnified  670  diameters. 

7.  Mixed  fibrous  tissue : the  threads  of  the  elastic  fibrous  tissue 

maybe  recognized  by  their  tortuous  course  and  more  defined 
outline.  670  diameters. 


Plate  XL. 


Structure  of  Fibrous  Tissue. 


1.  Example  of  elastic  fibrous  tissue  in  its  ordinary  form,  taken 

from  the  crico-thyroid  membrane,  and  magnified  6 TO 
diameters. 

2.  Form  of  elastic  tissue,  constituting  the  elastic  coat  of  many 

blood-vessels  of  medium  calibre.  6 70  diameters. 

3.  This  figure  illustrates  various  stages  in  the  development  of 

blood-vessels.  At  first,  a transparent  and  tubular  membrane 
is  surrounded  by  a single  coil  of  elastic  tissue ; subsequently, 
other  coils  and  filaments  appear,  the  filaments  principally  take 
a longitudinal  direction  on  the  tubular  membrane,  but  some 
also  pass  circularly  around  this;  these  threads  are  nucleated, 
and  belong  to  the  second  form  of  elastic  tissue,  and  which 
is  elsewhere  encountered  in  the  human  organization,  as  in 
tendons,  the  dartos,  &c.  350  diameters.  In  h the  threads 

are  shown  separately. 

4.  A peculiar  areola,  form  of  mixed  fibrous  tissue,  magnified 

130  diameters,  and  principally  encountered  in  the  great 
omentum. 

5.  Blood-vessels  from  the  pia  mater.  All  the  smaller  vessels  pre- 

sent a similar  structure,  their  coats  being  formed  of  nucleated 
filaments  of  elastic  tissue.  350  diameters. 


l ? Plate ■ XL . 


» 


4 


5 


E.C. Kellogg,  lith. 


Plate  XLI. 


Structure  of  Muscle. 


Fig.  1.  A portion  of  the  surface  of  a striped  muscle,  magnified  about 
60  diameters,  showing  the  distribution  of  the  blood-vessels 
and  fat  globules. 

2.  A fragment  of  unstriped  muscle.  The  fibres,  with  their  nuclei 

in  one-half  of  the  figure,  are  less  distinct  than  in  the  other; 
the  filaments  in  the  second  half  having  been  submitted  to 
the  action  of  acetic  acid.  670  diameters. 

3.  Muscular  fibrillae  of  the  heart.  Previous  to  the  action  of  acetic 

acid,  they  are  observed  to  be  transversely  striped ; this 
reagent,  however,  obliterates  the  stripes,  and  reduces  the 
fibrillie  to  the  same  condition  as  those  of  unstriped  muscle. 
670  diameters. 

4.  A fragment  of  the  muscle  of  the  frog,  showing  the  distribution 

of  the  capillary  vessels  and  nerves.  The  tubules  of  these  last 
are  observed  to  terminate  in  ganglion-like  bodies  situated 
between  the  muscular  fibrilhe.  350  diameters. 


1 


Plate,  XLI. 


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2 


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» 


\. 


Plate  XLII. 


Structure  of  Muscle. 


Fig.  1.  Muscular  fibres  and  fibrillae  of  a voluntary  muscle;  in  one  of 
the  fibres  the  fibrillae  have  given  way,  thus  allowing  the  sar- 
colemraa  to  become  apparent.  This  figure,  as  well  as  most 
of  the  remaining  figures  on  this  plate,  are  all  magnified 
about  350  diameters. 

2.  Voluntary  muscular  fibres  acted  upon  by  acetic  acid,  which 

brings  clearly  into  view  a number  of  granular  nuclei;  these 
nuclei  are  contained  in  the  fibrillae,  many  of  which  are 
unstriped,  and  two  of  which  are  represented  in  the  figure 
separately.  350  diameters. 

3.  This  figure  represents  particulars  in  reference  to  muscular 

contraction.  In  a,  a fibre  is  shown  which  has  been  placed 
upon  the  stretch  ; the  striae  in  it  are  observed  to  be  somewhat 
distant,  b represents  the  same  fibre  in  a state  of  normal 
and  ordinary  contraction  ; the  diameter  of  the  fibre  is  seen 
to  be  much  greater  and  the  striae  closer,  c,  the  torn  extrem- 
ity of  a fibre  immersed  in  water  prior  to  the  total  extinction 
of  its  irritability,  and  which  is  observed  to  be  very  greatly 
contracted ; the  difference  of  distance  between  the  striae  in 
the  contracted  and  uncontracted  portions  of  the  fibre  is  very 
remarkable,  d,  a fibre  which  still  retained  its  irritability 
immersed  in  water ; this  has  caused  the  fibre  to  curl  up,  to 
become  irregular  and  undulated  ; the  transverse  stria?  have 
disappeared,  the  longitudinal  markings  at  the  same  time 
beiug  more  apparent ; in  e the  extremity  only  of  the  fibre 
has  been  immersed  in  water. 

4.  Shows  the  great  variety  in  the  size  of  the  fibres  of  a muscle, 

the  form  of  the  extremities  of  the  fibres,  and  the  mode  of 
union  between  these  and  the  tendons.  130  diameters. 

5.  Transverse  section  of  muscular  fibres  and  intervening  capilla- 

ries. 350  diameters. 


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Plate  XLIII. 

Fig.  1.  A portion  of  a voluntary  muscle  of  a foetus  about  three  months 
old,  magnified  670  diameters,  presenting  numerous  nuclei, 
some  of  which  are  embedded  in  the  fibres,  and  others  lie 
between  them.  At  this  early  period  the  fibres  are  formed  of 
but  few  fibrillse.  The  small  size  of  these  fibres  in  comparison 
with  those  of  the  adult,  and  which  are  represented  in  fig.  6, 
is  worthy  of  note.  670  diameters. 

2.  Illustrates  the  development  of  the  inelastic  form  of  fibrous 

tissue  from  nucleated  and  granular  cells.  This  figure  was 
also  taken  from  a foetus  at  about  the  third  month.  670 
diameters. 

3.  A portion  of  dartos,  magnified  350  diameters,  showing  the 

different  structures  which  enter  into  its  composition,  viz., 
the  blood-vessels,  the  bands  of  elastic  fibrous  tissue,  and 
lastly,  the  bundles  of  inelastic  fibrous  tissue. 

4.  A transverse  section  of  a portion  of  one  of  the  corpora  caver- 

nosa penis,  showing  the  apertures  of  the  vessels  or  cells  of 
which  they  are  principally  composed,  as  well  as  the  walls  of 
those  cells  which  are  formed,  not  of  nucleated  elastic  tissue, 
but  of  branched  and  reticular  elastic  filaments.  This  figure 
is  magnified  only  a few  diameters. 

5.  Muscular  fibres  of  voluntary  muscle,  disposed  in  a zigzag 

manner  ; this  disposition  was  formerly  considered  to  be  nor- 
mal, and  to  be  that  assumed  by  the  fibres  of  every  muscle 
in  a state  of  contraction,  a view  which  is  certainly  errone- 
ous ; it  is  encountered  in  a greater  or  less  degree  in  all  fried 
and  roasted  meats.  350  diameters. 

6.  Striped  muscular  fibres,  magnified  670  diameters.  It  will  be 

seen  from  the  figure,  that  the  surface  of  each  fibre  is  raised 


into  ridges  with  a narrow  space  intervening  between  each 
ridge,  and  further,  that  the  ridges  are  marked/ out  into  qua- 
drangular spaces,  eacli  of  which  corresponds  with  a division 
of  the  fibrillar  themselves.  Xow,  this  form  of  the  surface  of 
a striped  libre  is  especially  interesting,  from  the  fact  of  its 
enabling  us  to  afford  a satisfactory  explanation  of  the  nature 
of  the  striae  themselves.  The  most  recent  explanation  given 
of  the  formation  of  the  striae  of  the  voluntary  muscular  fibre, 
and  which  has  been  generally  adopted,  is,  that  it  depends 
upon  the  circumstance  that  the  lines  on  the  fibrillar  are 
placed  so  as  exactly  to  correspond  with  each  other,  and  that 
thus  a number  of  smaller  lines  concur  to  form  a larger  one, 
the  stria  of  the  entire  fibre.  Such  an  exact  arrangement  of 
the  lines  on  the  tibrillae  there  is  little  doubt  does  really  exist, 
but  it  is  yet  insufficient  to  explain  all  the  characters  pre- 
sented by  the  muscular  s trite.  Thus,  although  the  striae  are 
usually  strongly  marked  and  broad,  yet  they  have  no  certain 
characteristics,  either  as  to  position  or  appearance.  In  what 
way  then  is  the  muscular  stria  produced?  A careful  exam- 
ination of  a recent  muscular  fibre,  with  an  object-glass  of 
the  one-eighth  of  an  inch  focus,  will  satisfy  the  observer 
that  the  muscular  stria  is  not  a thing  of  shape  and  substance 
itself,  but  a mere  shadow',  caused  by  the  ridges  into  which 
the  surface  of  the  fibre  is  raised,  and  which  sometimes  falls 
on  one  side  the  ridge,  sometimes  on  the  other,  and  frequently 
in  the  groove  which  runs  between  the  ridges,  according  to 
the  direction  of  the  light,  and  the  focus  in  which  the  object 
is  viewed.  Of  the  correctness  of  this  explanation  it  does 
not  appear  to  me  that  there  can  be  a shadow  of  doubt. 

Sec  Appendix  to  vol.  i.,  page  547. 


Plata  XL  11  I . 


I.Mler.del.  !E.C  Kellogg- litK. 


Plate  XLIV. 


Structure  of  Nerves. 

Fig.  1.  Tubes  of  a motor  nerve.  The  space  between  the  two  lines 
on  each  margin  indicates  the  thickness  of  the  white  sub- 
stance of  Schwann.  The  waved  tube  represents  the 
appearance  presented  by  the  nervous  tubules,  when  sepa- 
rated from  each  other  in  water.  6 VO  diameters. 

2.  The  same  in  spirit,  showing  the  nucleated  threads  of  which 

the  neurilemma  is  made  up.  670  diameters. 

3.  The  same  in  acetic  acid,  which  breaks  up  the  semi-fluid  con- 

tents of  the  tubes  into  globules  resembling  those  of  oil.  670 
diameters. 

4.  Portions  of  Gasserian  ganglia,  magnified  350  diameters.  In 

one  of  the  figures,  the  ganglion  corpuscles  are  naked;  in  the 
other,  they  are  invested  with  a nucleated  capsule. 

5.  Nerve  tubes  of  the  white  substance  of  the  cerebellum,  mixed 

up  with  the  clear  cells  described  in  the  text  as  forming  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  white  substance  of  the  cerebrum, 
cerebellum,  spinal  marrow,  and  nerves  of  special  sense.  670 
diameters. 

6.  Nerve  tubes  of  the  white  substance  of  one  of  the  hemispheres 

of  the  cerebrum,  mixed  up  with  the  peculiar  cells  already 
referred  to.  670  diameters. 

7.  Tubes  of  the  cerebrum  in  a varicose  condition.  670  diameters. 


3 


FUtc  XLTV. 


Plate  XLV 


The  majority  of  the  figures  in  the  following  Plates  were  made  with  the  assistance 
of  the  Camera  Lucida,  and  the  same  instrument  will  be  employed  in  the  delineation 
of  all  future  figures  wherever  practicable. 


Fig.  1.  Filaments  of  the  great  sympathetic,  magnified  670  diameters. 

2.  Cells  of  the  gray  matter  of  the  cerebellum,  outer  stratum.  670 

diameters. 

3.  Ditto,  inner  stratum.  670  diameters. 

4.  Caudate  ganglionary  cells  from  the  gray  matter  of  the  spinal 

cord,  medulla  oblongata,  and  cerebellum  ; magnified  350 
diameters.  Those  from  the  first  locality  are  distinguished 
from  the  rest  by  their  larger  size ; those  from  the  second 
situation  by  their  smallness  and  elongated  form,  and  the  cells 
from  the  cerebellum  by  their  intermediate  size  and  flask 
shape. 

5.  Caudate  ganglionary  cells  from  the  locus  niger  of  the  crus 

cerebelli.  350  diameters. 

6.  Minute  caudate  cells  from  the  hippocampus  major.  350 

diameters. 

7.  Ditto,  from  the  locus  niger  of  crus  cerebri.  350  diameters. 


Plate  XL  VI. 


1.  Pacinian  corpuscles  attached  to  the  cutaneous  nerves  of  the 

palm  of  the  hand.  Natural  size.  After  Todd  and  Bowmau. 

2.  Pacinian  corpuscles,  magnified  60  diameters. 

3.  A single  Pacinian  body,  more  highly  magnified,  viz.,  100 

diameters. 

4.  An  anomalous  Pacinian  body  from  the  mesentery  of  the  cat. 

After  Todd  and  Bowman. 

5.  Two  other  anomalous  Pacinian  bodies  from  the  same  animal. 

The  latter,  reduced  from  Henle  and  Kolliker. 

6.  Ganglionary  cells  from  the  corpus  dentatum  of  the  cerebellum. 

350  diameters. 


PlatzXLVI. 


Plate  XL VII. 


. 1.  The  pleural  surface  of  a portion  of  lung,  magnified  30  diam- 
eters. This  figure  conveys  an  accurate  idea  of  the  form 
and  great  abundance  of  the  air  cells. 

2.  Pleural  surface  of  a section  of  lung,  showing  the  distribution 

of  the  vessels  of  the  first  of  the  three  orders  of  sizes  mentioned 
in  the  text.  30  diameters. 

3.  Ditto  of  lung,  magnified  100  diameters.  The  vessels  in  this 

are  not  injected,  but  are  represented  as  they  appeared  in  a 
section  which  had  become  slightly  dried. 


Plate  XLVII. 


Plate  XLYIII. 


Fig.  1.  A section  of  lung  from  beneath  the  pleural  surface,  magni- 
fied 100  diameters,  injected  with  tallow. 

2.  Casts  or  models  of  the  air  cells,  magnified  350  diameters, 

representing  the  variety  in  size  and  form  of  these  cells,  as 
well  as  the  shape  and  number  of  the  openings  of  com- 
munication. 

3.  Deep  section  of  lung,  injected  with  size : the  majority  of  the 

cells  are  observed  to  be  filled  with  the  easts  tipped  with 
colouring  matter : other  cells  may  also  be  seen  without  casts : 
these  have  evidently  been  cut  across,  exposing  to  view  the 
ciliated  epithelium  which  lines  them.  100  diameters, 


Plate  XLIX. 


Fig.  1.  A portion  of  the  pleural  surface  of  the  human  lung,  with  the 
vessels  of  the  second  order  injected.  Magnified  100  dia- 
meters. 

2.  A section  of  the  human  lung,  showing  the  natural  appearance 

and  form  of  the  air  cells  as  seen  without  injection,  also 
exhibiting  numerous  particles  of  the  conoidal  ciliated  epithe- 
lium which  lines  them.  100  diameters. 

3.  Capillaries  of  the  human  lung.  Magnified  100  diameters. 

The  drawing  was  made  from  a very  beautiful  preparation 
injected  by  Mr.  Quekett. 


| w V 

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Plate  L. 

Fig.  1.  Follicles  of  the  stomach,  as  they  appear  when  lined  with 
conoidal  epithelium.  100  diameters. 

2.  Ditto  of  large  intestine  in  a similar  condition.  100  diameters. 

3.  Cross-section  of  stomach  tubes,  magnified  100  diameters.  The 

tubes  are  parcelled  out  into  sets  only  when  about  to  pierce 
the  follicles  into  which  they  open  ; and  it  is  rare  to  get  a 
good  view  of  them  thus  disposed  in  bundles,  each  of  which 
corresponds  to  the  base  of  a follicle. 

4.  Longitudinal  view  of  stomach  tubes,  magnified  220  diameters, 

showing  the  spheroidal  or  glandular  epithelium  with  which 
they  are  lined,  as  well  as  the  dilated  extremities  in  which 
they  terminate. 

5.  Ditto,  magnified  100  diameters. 

6.  Follicles  of  the  large  intestine  without  epithelium,  and  cut  off, 

so  as  to  admit  the  passage  of  light  through  them  : when  not 
thus  shortened,  their  apertures  appear  dark,  in  consequence 
of  the  non-transmission  of  the  light.  60  diameters. 

7.  Terminations  of  the  follicles  of  the  large  intestine.  Magnified 

60  diameters. 


EC.  Kellogg,  lift. 


Plate  LI. 

Fig.  1.  Blood-vessels  of  the  follicles  of  the  appendix  vermiformis 
injected.  Magnified  100  diameters. 

2.  Blood-vessels  of  the  follicles  of  the  stomach  of  a cat,  beautifully 

injected.  The  drawing  was  made  from  a preparation  of 
Dr.  Handfield  Jones.  100  diameters. 

3.  Villi  of  the  upper  part  of  the  small  intestine,  magnified  60 

diameters.  Drawing  made  from  a preparation  of  Dr.  Jones. 

4.  Ditto,  from  the  lower  portion  of  the  same.  CO  diameters. 

5.  Ditto  of  the  foal,  injected  white  and  red,  the  arteries  being 

red  and  the  veins  white.  Magnified  60  diameters.  Draw- 
ing made  from  a preparation  presented  by  Professor  Hyrtle, 
of  Prague,  to  the  London  Microscopical  Society. 

6.  Solitary  glands  of  the  large  intestine  in  a case  of  cholera  in  a 

child.  Magnified  with  a lens  only. 


del. 


Tla,t&  LI . 


Plate  LII. 


Fig.  1.  Villi,  showing  the  layer  of  epithelial  cells  with  which  they  are 
generally  covered,  especially  during  the  intervals  of  digestion. 
Magnified  100  diameters. 

2.  Ditto,  uncovered  by  the  layer  of  epithelium  figured  in  the 

previous  drawing,  and  showing  the  lacteals,  as  wTell  as  the 
granular  cells,  which  the  villi  always  contain,  whether  in  an 
active  or  passive  condition.  100  diameters. 

3.  Peyer’s  glands  in  the  cat.  Magnified  20  diameters.  The 

vessels  in  the  villi,  between  the  glands,  are  injected ; but 
those  of  the  glands  themselves  are  not  so,  and  this  accounts 
for  their  being  uncoloured. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  ileum  of  the 

cat,  showing  the  flask-like  form  of  Peyer’s  glands.  Vo 
essential  difference  exists  between  these  glands,  as  they 
occur  in  most  of  the  Mammalia,  and  in  the  human  subject. 
This  and  the  previous  drawing  were  prepared  from  two  very 
perfect  preparations,  kindly  lent  me  by  Mr.  Quekett.  20 
diameters. 

5.  Follicles  of  Lieburkiikn  in  the  duodenum.  Magnified  60 

diameters. 

6.  Solitary  glands  of  the  small  intestines  uninjected,  of  their 

natural  size,  and  as  they  occurred  in  a case  of  muco-enterite. 


1 


2 


Plate,  Ilf. 


K C Kellogg.  Iilli 


Plate  LIII. 


Fig.  1.  A sebaceous  gland  from  the  caruncula  lachrytnalis  in  the 
human  subject;  the  follicles,  on  closer  examination,  I find 
to  be  provided  with  minute  hairs,  similar  to  those  which  are 
present  in  the  sheep  and  some  other  animals. 

2.  An  entire  Meibomian  gland.  27  diameters. 

3.  Sebaceous  glands  in  connection  with  a hair  of  the  scaij 

These  glands  are  easily  procured  still  attached  to  the  hair 
follicle,  provided  the  portion  of  integument  from  which  they 
are  to  be  obtained  be  permitted  to  undergo  a slight  degree 
of  decomposition.  33  diameters. 

4.  Illustrations  of  mucous  glands.  The  centre  figure  represents 

a portion  of  a gland  and  several  of  the  apertures  by  which 
the  follicles  in  the  larger  mucous  glands  communicate  with 
each  other.  45  diameters. 


1 


Plate  LIII . 


Plate  LIV. 


Fig.  1.  A portion  of  the  parotid  gland  of  an  embryo  of  the  sheep,  four 
inches  long,  showing  it  in  the  very  earliest  condition  of  its 
development  in  which  it  can  he  traced ; the  follicles,  although 
arranged  in  clusters,  are  yet  separate  and  independent  of 
each  other.  After  Muller.  Magnified  8 diameters. 

2.  Shows  a further  development  of  the  parotid  gland  in  the 
human  subject ; in  this  figure  the  follicles  are  closely  aggre- 
gated in  clusters,  each  cluster  representing  a miniature 
globule.  40  diameters. 

. 3.  A portion  of  mammary  gland  filled  with  milk  globules.  90 
diameters. 

4.  A section  of  liver,  showing  the  form  of  the  lobules  and  the 

arrangement  of  the  secreting  cells.  The  light  spaces  in  the 
centre  of  the  lobules  indicate  the  position  of  the  central 
hepatic  veins.  35  diameters. 

5.  A portion  of  mammary  gland,  but  slightly  magnified. 

6.  Ditto,  more  highly  magnified,  showing  clearly  both  its  small 

granular  secreting  cells  and  the  milk  globules.  19S  diam- 
eters. 


E.C  Kellogg. liiTx 


?!.aU  T/V 


Plate  LV. 


Fig.  1.  A portion  of  the  surface  of  the  liver,  showing  the  lobules  and 
the  intra-lobular  hepatic  veins.  The  injection  has  filled 
only  the  larger  vessels,  and  has  scarcely  penetrated  to  the 
capillaries.  15  diameters. 

2.  Section  of  liver,  in  which  the  hepatic  venous  system  has  been 

very  completely  injected,  and  the  portal  (in  yellow)  only 
slightly  so.  The  commimication  between  the  vessels  of 
different  lobules  is  also  well  shown.  Drawing  made  from  a 
preparation  of  Dr.  Handfield  Jones.  20  diameters. 

3.  Would  appear  to  be  a portion  of  the  portal  system ; the  injec- 

tion was  thrown  in  from  the  ductus  communis  choledochus. 
When  introduced  in  this  way,  the  system  always  becomes 
irregularly  filled ; and  the  lobules  are  not  circumscribed  as 
when  the  injection  enters  directly  by  the  portal  vein.  20 
diameters. 

4.  A section  of  liver,  in  which  the  inter-lobular  portal  vessels 

are  shown.  The  injection  in  this  case  also  fills  only  the 
principal  vessels,  and  has  not  extended  to  the  capillaries.  24 
diameters. 


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Plate  LVI. 


Fig.  1.  A portion  of  the  surface  of  the  liver,  in  which  the  portal  cap- 
illary system  has  been  injected.  20  diameters. 

2.  Section  of  liver,  in  which  both  the  portal  vein  and  the  hepatic 

artery  have  been  injected,  the  red  vessels  indicating  branches 
of  the  hepatic  artery.  The  drawing  was  made  from  a very 
perfect  injection,  kindly  lent  me  for  the  purpose  by  Mr. 
Quekett.  18  diameters. 

3.  A portion  of  the  surface  of  the  liver,  in  which  both  the  hepatic 

and  portal  venous  systems  are  well  shown,  each  being  dis- 
tinct. Drawing  made  from  a preparation  of  Dr.  Handheld 
Jones.  20  diameters.  . 

4.  A section  of  liver,  in  which  both  the  portal  and  hepatic 

venous  systems  have  been  completely  injected  from  the 
portal  vein.  20  diameters. 


Plate,  ZVI . 


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Plate  LVII. 


Fig.  1.  A terminal  biliary  duct,  copied  from  a drawing  of  Dr.  H. 
Jones.  378  diameters. 

2.  Secreting  cells  of  the  liver.  The  group  lettered  a represents 

the  cells  in  the  usual  condition  in  which  they  are  met,  when 
submitted  to  observation  : in  b , the  cells  are  gorged  with  bile, 
while  in  c,  they  contain  numerous  fat  or  oil  globules.  378 
diameters. 

3.  Concretions  or  calculi  from  the  prostate  gland.  45  diameters. 

4.  a represents  an  hitherto  undescribed  form  of  tubular  gland  oc- 

curring in  the  region  of  the  human  axilla  in  close  connection 
with  the  large  sudoriferous  glands  which  are  there  met  with. 
54  diameters.  It  differs  from  these  last,  however,  in  several 
particulars,  but  principally  in  the  smaller  calibre  of  the  tubes, 
and  the  presence  (clearly  shown  by  the  action  of  acetic 
acid)  of  innumerable  nuclei  in  the  walls  of  the  tubes,  and 
of  which  these  would  appear  to  be  principally  constituted. 
In  b and  c,  the  differences  in  the  size  aad  structure  of  the 
tubes  in  the  two  glands  are  shown,  b and  c 198  diameters. 

5.  Ceruminous  glands.  I cannot  detect  the  slightest  difference 

between  these  glands  and  ordinary  sudoriferous  glands,  with 
which,  it  would  appear,  they  must  be  considered  to  be  iden- 
tical. 45  diameters. 


Plate  LVIXI. 


Fig.  1.  Tubes  of  the  kidney,  showing  their  general  character,- and  but 
slightly  magnified.  99  diameters. 

2.  Cross-section  of  the  elastic  framework  in  which  both  the 

secreting  tubes  and  the  Malpighian  bodies  are  enclosed.  99 
diameters. 

3.  Cross-section  of  both  the  elastic  framework  and  the  secreting 

tubes  themselves.  99  diameters. 

4.  Oblique  section  of  the  veins  contained  in  the  tubular  part  of 

the  kidney,  showing  their  arrangement  in  sets.  33  diameters. 

5.  The  same  vessels  seen  lengthways.  33  diameters. 

6.  Secreting  tubes  of  the  kidney,  in  different  conditions : in  one, 

the  cells  are  seen  to  form  a regular  pavement  epithelium  ; in 
a second,  the  central  canal,  along  which  the  urine,  secreted 
by  the  Malpighian  bodies  and  cells  of  the  tubes,  flows,  is 
shown  ; in  a third,  the  cells  are  irregularly  disposed,  and  this 
is  generally  found  to  be  the  casein  the  tubes  of  the  central 
part  of  the  kidney,  and  when  the  kidney  is  not  perfectly 
fresh ; in  a fourth,  there  are  no  secreting  cells,  and  the 
structureless  basement  membrane  of  the  tubes  alone  remains- 
378  diameters. 


2ESEE 


Plate  LXX. 


Fig.  1.  Longitudinal  section  of  kidney,  showing  the  corpora  Mal- 
pighiana.  Magnified  40  diameters. 

2.  Uriniferous  tubes  of  a bird  ( G alius  indicus),  showing  their 

pinnatifid  arrangement.  Drawing  made  from  a preparation 
of  Professor  Hyrtl,  in  the  possession  of  the  Microscopical 
Society  of  London.  40  diameters. 

3.  Corpora  Malpighiana  of  the  horse.  Drawing  made  from  an 

injected  preparation  by  Professor  Hyrtl.  40  diameters. 

4.  Vessels  of  the  surface  of  the  kidney.  The  capillaries  are  situ- 

ated in  the  interstices  between  the  tubes.  90  diameters. 

5.  A transverse  section  of  the  kidney,  more  highly  magnified, 

showing  the  convoluted  vessels  of  the  corpora  Malpighiana, 
as  well  as  the  capillaries  which  encircle  the  uriniferous  tubes. 
67  diameters. 


Miller  del 


E.C.  Hello  gg,lith. 


Plate  LX. 


Fig.  1.  Tubes  of  the  testis,  slightly  magnified,' showing  their  general 
appearance  and  arrangement. 

2.  Uninjected  corpora  Malpighiana.  a is  enveloped  in  its  own 

proper  capsule,  while  in  b this  has  been  removed.  Magnified 
100  diameters.  Additional  observations  have  convinced  me 
that  these  complicated  bodies  are  invested,  in  addition  to  the 
thick  elastic  covering  spoken  of  in  the  text,  with  an  inner 
and  much  thinner  membrane;  and  that  it  is  this  which  is  to 
be  regarded  as  the  proper  Malpighian  capsule.  This  cover- 
ing, I conceive,  is  conveyed  to  each  Malpighian  body  by  the 
afferent  artery,  from  which  it  is  reflected  over  the  Malpighian 
dilatation  and  plexus  of  vessels ; and  it  may  often  be  seen  as 
a distinct  structure,  partially  separated  from  the  other  con- 
stituents of  a Malpighian  body.  The  frame-work  of  elastic 
tissue,  which  invests  on  every  side  the  tubes  and  Malpighian 
bodies,  is  every  where  continuous  by  its  outer  surface,  that  of 
one  tube  with  that  of  the  neighbouring  tubes,  and  that  of  the 
Malpighian  body  is  also  continuous  with  that  of  the  tubes 
which  surround  this  Malpighian  body.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  proper  and  thin  Malpighian  capsule  is  smooth  on  its  outer 
surface,  and  not  connected  by  this  surface  with  any  other 
structure,  save  the  afferent  and  efferent  vessels  along  which 
it  is  continued.  This  general  continuity  of  the  elastic  frame- 
work is  well  shown  in  Plate  LVIII.  fig.  2. 

3.  A , a Malpighian  body,  more  highly  magnified,  displaying 

innumerable  small  oval  and  granular  cells.  The  majority 
of  these,  I am  now  disposed  to  think,  are  contained  in  the 
walls  of  the  vessels  constituting  the  Malpighian  plexus.  The 
figure  b is  after  Bowman,  and  shows  the  afferent  artery  and 
the  efferent  vein  of  the  Malpighian  tuft ; also,  the  connexion 
of  the  tube  with  the  Malpighian  body  itself ; c,  loose  epithelial 
cells  of  the  tubes.  125  diameters. 

4.  Tube  of  the  testis,  more  highly  magnified,  displaying  the 

innumerable  granular  cells  which  fill  the  tube,  as  well  as  the 
structure  of  the  tube  itself.  99  diameters. 


1 


Plate  LX 


Plate  LXI. 


Fig.  1.  Vessels  of  thyroid  gland.  18  diameters. 

2.  Vesicles  of  slightly  enlarged  thyroid,  viewed  with  a lens  only. 

3.  Ditto  of  same,  magnified  40  diameters. 

4.  Ditto  of  same,  magnified  67  diameters,  showing  the  fibrous 

structure  of  their  walls,  and  their  cellular  and  nuclear 
contents. 

5.  Lobes  and  vesicles  of  thyroid,  magnified  27  diameters,  as  seen 

in  a gland  in  its  ordinary  condition. 

6.  Granular  nuclei  of  vesicles  of  thyroid.  Magnified  378  diam- 

eters. 

7.  Two  follicles  of  thymus  gland,  magnified  33  diameters,  show- 

ing the  plexus  of  vessels  which  invests  them. 

8.  A portion  of  the  capsule  of  thymus,  magnified  54  diameters, 

showing  the  ternary  disposition  of  the  vessels. 

9.  Granular  nuclei  and  simple  cells  with  fibrous  tissue  of  thymus. 

Magnified  378  diameters. 

10.  Compound  cells  of  thymus.  Magnified  378  diameters. 


Plate  ZXT. 


It  Mill er. del. 


E.  C Eellooo' 


Plate  LXII 


. 1.  Granular  nuclei,  blood-vessels,  and  fibro-elastic  tissue  of  spleen. 
Magnified  378  diameters. 

2.  Plexus  of  vessels  on  the  surface  of  supra-renal  capsule.  Mag- 

nified 54  diameters. 

3.  a.  Tubes  of  supra-renal  capsule.  90  diameters,  b.  Nuclei, 

parent  cells,  and  molecules  of  the  same.  378  diameters. 

4.  Vessels  of  the  foetal  portion  of  the  placenta.  Magnified  54 

diameters.  These  are  seen  to  terminate  in  the  villi  in  loops. 

5.  Ditto  of  the  supra-renal  capsule,  showing  the  plexus  on  the 

surface  of  the  organ,  the  long  inter-tubular  vessels,  and  the 
central  plexus.  90  diameters. 


Plate  LXIII. 


1.  Epidermis  of  palm  of  hand,  magnified  40  diameters,  show  ing 

its  disposition  in  ridges,  and  the  apertures  of  the  sudoriferous 
glands. 

2.  Epidermis  of  the  back  of  the  hand,  magnified  to  the  same 

extent,  showing  its  furrows,  hairs,  and  apertures  of  sudorif- 
erous ducts. 

3.  Papillae  of  palm  of  hand.  Magnified  54  diameters. 

4.  Ditto  of  back  of  hand.  Magnified  to  the  same  extent. 

5.  Epidermis  of  palm  of  hand,  seen  upon  its  under  surface, 

showing  pits  or  depressions  for  the  reception  of  the  papillae, 
and  the  ducts  of  the  sudoriferous  glands.  Magnified  54 
diameters. 

6.  Epidermis  of  the  back  of  hand,  viewed  upon  its  under  surface 

as  a transparent  object,  and  showing  depressions  for  the 
papillae  and  the  ducts  of  the  sudoriferous  glands.  Magnified 
54  diameters. 

V.  Blood-vessels  of  the  papillae  of  the  palm  of  the  hand,  a single 
loop  corresponds  to  each  papilla.  Magnified  54  diameters. 
8.  Ditto  of  the  back  of  the  hand.  Magnified  54  diameters. 


P'/.uUr.LXm . 


6 


6 


| Miller,  del. 


Ivellood.lith. 


f 


Plate  LXIV. 


Fig.  1.  Filiform  papillae  of  the  tongue  near  its  centre,  with  epithelial 
appendages  attached.  Magnified  41  diameters. 

2.  Ditto  of  same  near  its  apex,  with  epithelial  appendages 

attached ; these  are  seen  to  be  much  shorter  than  in  the 
previous  case.  Magnified  27  diameters. 

3.  Ditto  near  the  apex  of  the  tongue,  with  the  epithelium  removed, 

showing  their  cupped  form,  and  the  arrangement  and  number 
of  the  secondary  papillae  around  their  edges.  Magnified  27 
diameters. 

4.  Ditto  near  the  centre  of  the  tongue,  in  which  situation  the 

secondary  papillae  are  seen  to  be  much  longer  and  more 
slender  than  in  the  previous  figure,  their  apices  falling’ 
together,  and  so  obscuring  the  excavation  in  the  centre  of 
each  filiform  papilla.  Magnified  31  diameters. 

5.  Filiform  and  fungiform  papillae  of  the  tongue,  deprived  of  their 

epithelium.  The  size,  form,  and  structure  of  the  fungiform 
papillae  are  well  shown,  as  well  as  the  simple  papillae  situated 
in  the  fossa  around  the  base  of  one  of  the  fungiform  papillae. 
Magnified  27  diameters. 

6.  Filiform  papillae ; some  deprived  of  their  epithelial  processes, 

others  still  retaining  them.  In  the  centre  of  the  figure,  two 
filiform  papillae  may  be  seen  occupying  the  position  of  a 
fungiform  papilla,  being  situated  in  a fossa  studded  with 
simple  papillae.  27  diameters. 

7.  The  centre  of  this  figure  represents  a peculiar  form  of  com- 

pound papillae,  occupying  the  position  of  a fungiform  papilla, 
but  intermediate  in  structure  between  it  and  a filiform  papilla. 
27  diameters. 

8.  Filiform  papillae,  showing  their  tubular  form,  with  the  epithe- 

lial processes  partially  removed,  and  exhibiting  numerous 
simple  papillae  placed  between  the  compound  ones.  27 
diameters. 


Plo-t-6  LXIV. 


1 Myi  n 

r j 

m'||  M 

Plate  LXY. 


Fig.  1.  Mucous  follicles  of  tongue,  from  under  surface,  clothed  with  . 
their  epithelium.  Magnified  27  diameters. 

2.  Ditto,  with  the  epithelium  removed,  viewed  as  transparent 

objects.  Magnified  27  diameters. 

3.  Ditto,  with  the  epithelium  removed,  viewed  as  opaque  objects. 

27  diameters. 

4.  Filiform  papillae,  still  invested  with  epithelium,  from  the  apex 

of  the  tongue  near  the  tip.  In  this  situation  the  filiform 
processes  are  almost  entirely  absent,  and  the  cupped  form 
of  the  papillae  is  well  seen.  27  diameters. 

5.  Mucous  follicles  and  compound  papillae,  still  invested  with 

epithelium,  from  the  side  of  the  tongue.  Magnified  20 
diameters.  These  compound  papillae  approach  the  fungiform 
in  structure. 

6.  A side  view  of  two  simple  papillae  of  the  tongue  partially 

invested  with  epithelium.  45  diameters. 

7.  Ditto  of  filiform  papillae,  with  epithelium  and  epithelial  pro- 

cesses still  adherent.  18  diameters. 

8.  The  same,  viewed  with  a lens  only. 

9.  Side  view  of  compound  papillae  situated  at  the  sides  of  the 

tongue  posteriorly  to  the  calyciform  papillae;  the  simple 
papillae  of  which  they  are  made  up  are  dilated  at  the  extrem- 
ities. 20  diameters. 

10.  Simple  papillae  from  the  under  surface  of  the  tongue.  Mag- 

nified 54  diameters. 

11.  Compound  and  simple  papillae  from  the  side  of  the  tongue, 

but  posteriorly  to  the  calyciform  papillae.  Magnified  23 
diameters. 


Plcut&  LXV 


- 1 % " 


mats* 


H Miller  del.ai.iiat. 


Plate  LXYI. 


Fig.  1.  A single  calyeiform  papillae,  ■with  the  epithelium  removed, 
showing  the  numerous  secondary  papillae  by  which  it  is 
covered.  16  diameters. 

2.  Ditto,  in  a similar  state,  with  the  vessels  of  the  papillae  injected. 

16  diameters. 

3.  Filiform  papillae  near  the  centre  of  the  tongue,  with  the  ves- 

sels injected.  27  diameters. 

4.  Ditto  near  the  tip  of  the  tongue,  also  injected.  27  diameters. 

5.  Simple  papillae,  injected.  27  diameters. 

6.  A fungiform  papilla,  injected,  surrounded  by  several  filiform 

papilla,  also  injected.  27  diameters. 


Plate-  ZXJI. 


Plate  LXVII. 


Fig.  1.  Vertical  section  of  cornea,  showing  the  conjunctival  epithe- 
lium, the  cornea  proper,  posterior  elastic  lamina,  and  epithe- 
lium of  the  aqueous  humour.  54  diameters. 

2.  A portion  of  the  vascular  layer  of  the  retina,  injected.  From 

a preparation  belonging  to  Mr.  Quekett.  60  diameters. 

3.  Section  of  sclerotic  and  cornea  at  the  junction  of  the  two 

parts.  In  the  sclerotic,  the  spaces  between  the  fibrous  tissue 
are  seen  to  be  more  or  less  rounded,  while  in  the  cornea 
they  are  elongated  and  tubular.  54  diameters. 

4.  Vessels  of  tunica  Ruyschiana,  ciliary  processes,  iris,  and 

membrana  papillaris,  injected.  From  a foetal  preparation 
injected  by  Mr.  Hett.  14  diameters. 

5.  Nuclei  of  the  granular  layer  of  the  retina.  37S  diameters. 

0.  Cells  of  the  same.  378  diameters. 

7.  Transparent  cells  of  the  vesicular  layer  of  the  retina.  Mag- 

nified 378  diameters. 

8.  Caudate  cells  of  the  retina.  378  diameters. 

9.  A portion  of  the  membrana  Jacobi.  37S  diameters. 

10.  Fibres  of  the  crystalline  lens,  a , magnified  19S  diameters; 

magnified  378  diameters. 

11.  Tuberculated  condition  of  the  posterior  elastic  lamina,  as 

seen  near  its  margin.  7S  diameters. 

12.  Peculiar  markings  on  posterior  elastic  lamina.  Magnified 

78  diameters. 

13.  Surface  of  crystalline  lens  of  the  sheep,  slightly  magnified, 

showing  the  three  radii,  and  the  course  of  the  fibres. 

14.  Fibres  of  the  lens  near  its  centre,  where  they  are  much 

smaller  than  on  the  surface.  19S  diameters. 


Plate  LXVXII. 


'ig.  .1.  Globe  of  the  eye  of  the  sheep,  magnified  3 diameters.  The 
sclerotic  being  removed,  the  choroid  is  seen,  as  well  as  the 
disposition  of  the  stellate  pigment  cells,  which  lie  in  the 
intervals  between  the  venos  vorticosse,  and  which  conse- 
quently follow  a similar  disposition. 

2.  The  same,  showing  the  venae  vordcosse,  injected.  Magnified 

3 diameters.  • 

3.  Conjunctival  epithelium,  oblique  view  of.  37S  diameters. 

4.  A portion  of  the  ciliary  muscle.  198  diameters. 

5.  Conjunctival  epithelium,  front  view  of.  379  diameters. 

6.  Gelatinous  nerve  fibres  of  retina.  378  diameters. 

7.  Cellated  structure  of  the  vitreous  body.  70  diameters. 

8.  Elastic  fibres  lying  on  the  anterior  surface  of  the  posterior 

elastic  lamina.  70  diameters. 

9.  A portion  of  iris,  showing  its  blood-vessels  and  muscular 

fibrillse.  70  diameters. 

10.  Epithelium  of  the  crystalline  lens.  19S  diameters. 

11.  Ditto  of  the  aqueous  humour.  198  diameters. 

12.  Cells  of  the  hexagonal  epithelium  of  the  choroid.  Magnified 

378  diameters. 

13.  Cells  and  fibres  of  the  stellate  pigment  of  the  choroid.  37s 

diameters. 

14.  Irregular  pigment  cells  of  the  uvea.  37S  diameters. 


rint&uonir. 


0 01111313  e del 


Ho 
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r 

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) 

P 

■1 

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p 

' ' jr/M 

r'l 

k 1 

Plate  LXIX. 


Fig.  1.  A portion  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  olfactory  region  of 
the  sheep,  showing  the  apertures  of  the  mucous  follicles,  and 
the  pigment  which  covers  its  surface.  80  diameters. 

2.  Blood-vessels  of  the  pituitary  region,  injected.  From  a 

preparation  belonging  to  Mr.  Quekett.  80  diameters. 

3.  Denticulate  lamina  of  the  osseous  zone  of  the  lamina  spiralis, 

seen  on  the  vestibular  surface,  a,  free  edge  of  the  teeth  ; b , 
margin  towards  the  axis  of  the  cochlea;  c.  granular  cells 
lying  upon  the  same.  100  diameters. 

4.  Tympanic  surface  of  a portion  of  lamina  spiralis  of  the  cat. 

a , termination  of  the  cochlear  nerves  at  the  border  of  the 
osseous  zone,  with  capillaries  ramifying  over  them  ; b,  inner 
clear  belt  of  the  membranous  zone ; c,  marginal  capillary  on 
the  tympanic  surface ; d,  pectinate  portion  of  the  membra- 
nous zone  ; e,  outer  clear  belt  of  membranous  zone,  torn 
from  the  cochlearis  muscle.  300  diameters.  After  Todd 
and  Bowman. 

5.  Inner  view  of  cochlearis  muscle  of  the  sheep.  a,  line  of 

attachment  of  membranous  zone  of  lamina  spiralis,  of  which 
a portion,  5,  remains  attached.  The  surface  below  this  line 
is  in  the  scala  tympani;  the  surface  above,  the  scala  vesti- 
buli.  c,  projecting  columns,  with  intervening  recesses,  in 
the  vestibular  part  of  the  cochlearis  muscle.  After  Todd 
and  Bowman. 

6.  Plexiform  arrangement  of  the  cochlear  nerves,  seen  in  the 

basal  coil  of  the  lamina  spiralis,  treated  with  hydro-chloric 
acid.  There  are  no  ganglion  globules  in  this  plexus,  which 
consists  of  tubular  fibres.  a,  twig  of  cochlear  nerve  in  the 
modiolus,  its  fibres  diverging  and  reuniting  in  b , a band  in 


the  plexus  taking  a direction  parallel  to  the  zones.  From 
this,  other  twigs  radiate,  and  again  and  again  branch  and 
unite  as  far  as  the  margin  of  the  osseous  zone,  c,  where  they 
terminate.  From  the  sheep.  30  diameters.  After  Todd 
and  Bowman. 

7.  Compound  cellular  and  calcareous  bodies  of  the  pineal  gland. 

130  diameters. 

8.  Granular  cells  and  fibrous  tissue  of  the  pituitary  gland.  350 

diameters. 

9.  Villi  of  the  choroid  plexus,  showing  their  epithelium  and  blood- 

vessels. 45  diameters. 

10  and  11.  Illustrations  of  the  development  of  fat.  «,  repre- 
sents the  vesicles  contained  in  parent  cells ; 5,  the  same  after 
the  absorption  of  the  parent  cell  membranes.  Magnified  45 
diameters. 

12.  Dilated  capillaries  of  olfactory  region  of  human  foetus.  100 
diameters.  From  a preparation  belonging  to  Mr.  Quekett. 


Plate  L7JPC 


_ - - .. 

C Clutoe  del.  ■ EC  Kellogg  Mi 


ADDITIONAL  PLATES 

TO  THE 


AMERICAN  EDITION. 


PLATES  ADDED  TO  THE  AMERICAN  EDITION. 


Plate  LXX. 


Fig.  1.  Corpuscles  of  lymph,  showing  their  granular  structure ; 

although  really  smaller  than  the  colourless  corpuscles  of  the 
blood  (Plate  I.  figs.  1,  2,  and  6),  they  here  appear  larger  in 
consequence  of  being  more  magnified.  800  diameters. 

2.  Chyle  from  a mesenteric  gland  ; the  molecular  base,  with  the 

granular  corpuscles  of  the  same  size  as  those  of  lymph. 
800  diameters. 

3.  Fat  vesicles  from  the  arm,  injected.  The  vessels  are  here 

seen  to  be  numerous.  As  yet,  no  terminal  branches  of 
nerves  or  lymphatics  have  been  traced  in  these  vesicles. 
Nerves,  however,  may  pass  through  them  to  reach  other 
points.  Gurlt  has  stated  that  in  emaciated  subjects  the  fat 
vesicles  contain  serum.  Todd  and  Bowman  have  detected 
in  emaciated  subjects  a spontaneous  separation  of  the  solid 
and  fluid  principles  of  the  contents  of  the  fat  vesicles.  45 
diameters. 

4.  Transverse  sections  of  human  hair.  450  diameters. 

5.  Cartilage  from  the  fmger-joint ; it  exhibits  the  manner  in 

which  the  vessels  on  the  edge  of  cartilage  form  their  termi- 
nal loopings.  80  diameters. 

6.  Exhibits  the  contorted  and  looped  vessels  of  the  synovial 

membrane.  45  diameters. 


— 


i 


P((ct&  PXP 


E C. Kellogg,  lith. 


Plate  LXXI. 


The  vascular  surface  of  the  matrix  of  the  nail,  surrounded  by  the 
injected  papillse  of  the  skin  ; the  nail  and  epidermis  having  been 
removed. 

a.  Papillse  of  the  skin  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  finger. 

b.  The  lunula : here  exist  several  rows  of  convoluted  capillaries,  more 

or  less  complex;  these  are  the  horn-vessels  of  Mr.  Rainey. 

c.  Vessels  connecting  the  lunula  with  those  secreting  cuticle.  The 

office  of  these  vessels,  probably,  is  to  secrete  a substance  inter- 
mediate between  the  horn  and  the  cuticle,  and  thus  cause  an 
intimate  union  between  them. 

d.  Folds,  or  plications  of  the  matrix:  these  increase  in  depth  as  they 

approach  the  end  of  the  finger.  They  consist  of  a fold  of  base- 
ment membrane,  enclosing  a series  of  loops  of  vessels.  They 
are  continued  into  the  ridges  of  the  finger,  and  secrete  the  cutic- 
ular  part  of  the  nail. 

e.  Papillse  of  the  tip  of  the  finger.  8 diameters. 

See  Appendix,  page  463. 


Plate  17-PI. 


Plate  LXXII. 

Fig.  1.  Tendon  from  the  arm.  In  this  figure,  the  vessels  are  not 
seen  to  present  so  uniformly  terminal  loopings  as  in  the 
vessels  of  cartilage.  In  many  instances,  they  seem  to  return 
upon  themselves.  The  same  termination  is  sometimes  seen 
of  vessels  in  cartilage.  60  diameters. 

2.  Tendon  from  the  arm,  nearer  its  muscular  union.  30  diameters. 


E C iCeilb  % . lith. . 


Plate  LXXIII 


Fig.  1.  Lymphatic  vessels  and  lymphatic  glands  from  the  spermatic 
cord  of  the  horse,  magnified  8 diameters. 

AA.  The  lymphatic  glands. 

a.  a.  a.  Peripheral,  efferent  larger  lymphatic  vessels. 

b.  b.  An  efferent  or  central  lymphatic  vessel. 

c.  c.  Superficial  net-work  of  delicate  lymphatics,  which  serves  in  part 

to  connect  the  small  flat  gland,  d,  with  the  efferent  vessel,  b. 

d.  A very  small,  loose,  semi-glandular  plexus  of  lymphatic  vessels. 

e.  Extensive  lymphatic  net-work,  formed  of  the  vessels  of  the  gland, 

and  the  parts  immediately  adjacent. 
f Larger  lymphatic  vessels,  passing  over  and  near  to  the  gland,  the 
numerous  valves  of  which  are  obvious. 

<7.  Delicate  efferent  lymphatics.  After  Gerber. 

2,  3,  and  4,  are  here  introduced  to  exhibit  the  relative  size  of 
the  air-cells  of  the  lungs  at  different  ages : all  equally  mag- 
nified. 

2,  represents  the  capillaries  and  air-cells  of  a foetal  lung.  In  this, 

no  air  has  yet  entered,  and  the  air-cells  are  observed  to  be 
small,  and  the  structure  dense.  60  diameters. 

3,  represents  capillaries  and  air-cells  of  an  infant’s  lung.  60 

diameters. 

4.  Capillaries  and  air-cells  of  a lung  of  an  adult.  60  diameters. 

It  is  probable  that  the  microscopic  examination  of  the  lungs, 
in  medico-legal  questions,  as  to  whether  respiration  had 
taken  place,  would  afford  more  conclusive  evidence  than 
could  be  furnished  by  the  usual  tests. 

5.  The  branchial  laminae  of  the  eel.  60  diameters. 


Plate  LXXIY. 


Fig.  1.  Injected  mucous  membrane  of  foetal  stomach.  60  diameters. 

From  a very  perfect  injection  by  Dr.  J.  Neill. 

The  honey-comb  structure,  exhibiting  large  and  polygonal  cells, 
formed  by  one  or  more  convoluted  capillaries,  is  here  well  shown.  At 
the  bottoms  of  these  larger  cells,  two,  three,  or  more  small  ones  may 
be  seen.  This  honey-comb  appearance  has  been  considered  by  many 
writers  to  exist  throughout  the  entire  mucous  lining  of  the  stomach. 
Dr.  Jno.  Neill  has  made  some  valuable  investigations  on  the  structure 
of  this  mucous  membrane,  and  his  views,  founded  on  the  examination 
of  many  injected  stomachs,  are  published  in  the  Am.  Journ.  of  Med. 
Sciences,  No.  XLI.  (new  series),  for  Jan.  1851.  Figs.  2,  3,  and  4 are 
taken  from  that  paper. 

Dr.  Neill  considers  that  after  the  removal  of  the  epithelium,  “the 
surface  of  the  mucous  membrane  presents  different  appearances  in 
different  portions  of  the  stomach ; this  fact  not  having  been  sufficiently 
appreciated  by  observers,  we  consider  as  one  of  the  sources  of  error 
in  the  ordinary  descriptions  of  this  organ.  By  far  the  larger  portion 
exhibits  various  modifications  of  the  honey-comb  structure,  the  cells 
are  large  and  polygonal  in  some  parts  ; in  others,  they  are  smaller, 
deeper,  and  rounder ; the  ridges  between  these  cells  are  formed  of  one 
or  more  convoluted  capillaries,  and  this  arrangement  of  capillaries  is 
particularly  evident  in  the  rugse  (see  fig.  2).  The  walls  of  these  cells, 
or  pockets,  are  formed  of  a net-work  of  capillaries,  which  sub-divides 
each  cell  into  smaller  ones ; these  cells  are  what  are  ordinarily  called 
the  orifices  of  gastric  glands,  and  the  sub-division  in  the  bottom  of 
each  cell  corresponds  with  the  described  orifices  of  tubuli.  In  the 
antrum  pylori,  the  structure  is  modified,  the  ridges  between  the  cells 
become  larger,  more  elevated  (see  fig.  3),  and  as  we  approach  the 


pyloric  orifice,  conical  villi  make  their  appearance;  these  villi  are 
larger  and  more  numerous  towards  the  pyloric  valve,  so  that  fewer  of 
the  angular  or  polygonal  cells  are  visible  in  their  interstices ; they  are 
not  so  large  as  the  villi  of  the  small  intestine,  but  in  other  respects 
their  external  appearances  are  precisely  similar  (s 4).  When 
well  injected,  they  seem  to  be  composed  of  capillaries,  closely  united 
by  a basement  membrane,  and  forming  a pyramidal  projection. 

“There  may  be  said  to  be  three  different  appearances  presented  by 
the  microscopic  examination  of  the  injected  capillaries  of  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  stomach,  when  deprived  of  its  epithelium.  First, 
The  convexity  of  a large  ruga  will  have  a comparatively  smooth  and 
even  appearance,  formed  by  convoluted  and  intertwining  capilla- 
ries. Second,  Any  other  portion  excepting  the  antrum  will  exhibit 
cells  or  alveoli  of  different  sizes  and  shapes,  separated  by  ridges  of 
various  thicknesses,  and  these  ridges  are  composed  of  capillaries 
arranged  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  rugae.  Third,  in  the  antrum 
pylori,  there  are  conical  villi , and  cells  exist  in  the  interstices  and  at 
their  bases.” 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  description,  which  the  writer  has  verified 
from  examination  of  Dr  Neill’s  preparations,  differs  considerably  from 
those  usually  given  in  the  various  text-books  and  works  treating  of 
minute  anatomy.  Dr.  Neill  is  disposed  to  think  that  the  gastric  villi 
may  be  in  some  way  associated  with  absorption.  What  precise  part 
they  play  in  this  function,  remains  yet  to  be  determined. 

Fig.  2.  Ridges  and  cells  from  the  left  extremity  of  the  foetal  stomach. 
After  Dr.  J.  Neill.  About  65  diameters. 

3.  Deeper  cells  and  more  elevated  ridges  from  the  antrum  pylori. 

After  Dr.  Neill.  About  65  diameters. 

4.  Gastric  villi,  from  the  pyloris.  After  Dr.  ,T.  Neill.  About 

65  diameters. 

The  villi  of  the  duodenum  injected  and  the  epithelium  removed. 
The  villi  in  this  portion  of  the  small  intestine  are  broad, 
flat,  regular,  and  shorter  than  in  the  other  two  divisions. 
From  an  injection  by  Dr.  Neill.  60  diameters. 

6.  Villi  from  the  jejunum  ; here  the  villi  are  longer,  not  so  broad, 
and  less  regularly  disposed.  60  diameters. 


Plate  LXXV. 


Fig.  1.  Villi  from  the  ileum.  From  an  injection  by  Dr.  J.  Neill.  In 
this  portion  of  the  small  intestine,  the  villi  are  more  conical 
than  in  either  of  the  other  divisions,  not  so  flat  as  in  the 
duodenum,  nor  so  long  as  in  the  jejunum.  These  different 
appearances  become  more  or  less  modified  as  we  pass  from 
one  division  of  the  intestinal  canal  to  the  others.  60  diam- 
eters. 

2.  Shows  the  arrangement  of  the  vessels  in  the  muscular  coat. 

3.  Mucous  membrane  of  the  appendix  vermiformis  caeci,  show- 

ing the  capillaries  and  mucous  crypts.  Dr.  J.  Neill,  in  the 
Philadelphia  Medical  Examiner , for  Feburary,  1851,  has 
accurately  described  the  difference  of  structure  between 
this  appendix  and  the  colon.  In  the  first,  the  crypts  are 
variable  in  size  and  shape,  and  the  distances  between  them 
by  no  means  uniform.  In  the  colon,  the  mucous  membrane 
is  regularly  studded  with  mucous  crypts  or  follicles  of 
Lieberkuhn,  all  nearly  of  the  same  size  and  shape,  and 
almost  equi-distant.  After  Neill.  About  60  diameters. 

4.  Mucous  follicles  and  capillaries  of  the  colon.  After  Neill. 

About  60  diameters. 

5.  The  vascular  plexus  of  the  Malpighian  body  in  a healthy  state. 

The  relations  of  the  uriniferous  tubes  to  the  Malpighian 
bodies  are  also  shown.  After  Toynbee.  About  100  diam- 
eters. 

6.  The  vascular  plexus  of  the  Malpighian  body  enlarged,  as 

occurs  in  the  first  stage  of  Bright’s  disease : the  tubuli  are 
also  seen  enlarged.  After  Toynbee.  About  100  diameters. 


Plate  LXXVI. 


Fig.  1.  The  enlarged  veins  of  the  kidney  occurring  in  the  first  stage 
of  Bright’s  disease.  After  Toynbee. 

2.  Another  view  of  the  veins  in  the  same  stage : here  may  he 
noticed  the  commencement  of  the  stellated  condition  so 
characteristic  of  the  more  advanced  stages  of  the  disease. 
After  Toynbee. 

8.  The  stellated  appearance  of  the  veins  in  the  advanced  stage 
of  the  disease.  After  Toynbee. 

4.  Granulation  on  the  surface  of  the  kidney  in  an  advanced 

stage  of  Bright’s  disease.  After  Toynbee. 

5.  A urinary  tube,  very  much  dilated,  iu  the  third  stage  of  the 

disease.  After  Toynbee. 

All  the  above  figures  are  magnified  about  100  diameters. 


Mam  LXXV1. 


Plate  LXXVII. 


;.  l,  represents  a magnified  view  of  a vertical  section  of  the  skin 
under  a power  of  seventy  or  eighty  diameters  : g.  g.  Sudo- 
riparous glands  imbedded  in  fat  vesicles;  d.  the  ducts  of  the 
same  passing  in  a flexuous  course  through  the  areolar  tissue 
to  de,  the  dermic  portion  of  the  skin  ; two  of  these  ducts  are 
represented  cut  across.  On  the  right,  a duct  is  represented 
cut  open  at  its  upper  part,  and  its  parietes  are  seen  to  be 
continuous  with  the  basement  membrane  of  the  papillae 
which  bound  it  on  each  side,  assuming  as  it  approaches  them 
an  infundibular  form.  Between  the  same  two  papillae  may 
be  seen  the  lowest  portion  of  the  epidermic  part  of  a duct, 
at  first  very  indistinctly,  and  without  any  defined  continuity 
of  structure  with  the  duct  below — gradually  assuming  a 
spiral  form,  and  having  the  scales  of  which  its  walls  are 
composed,  arranged  parallel  with  the  axis  of  the  passage. 
The  other  ducts  are  seen  dipping  down  between  and  behind 
the  papillae;  at  n , may  be  seen  the  nuclei  on  the  basement 
membrane  of  the  papillae,  which  at  nc  are  developed  into  a 
layer  of  nucleated  cells,  forming  the  lower  stratum  of  the 
epidermis,  ep,  through  which  one  complete  sudoriferous  pas- 
sage, p , may  be  seen  passing  to  the  surface,  together  with 
portions  of  others.  The  spaces  between  these  passages  have 
been  cut  away  in  the  preparation,  by  Avhich  the  direction 
of  the  scales  of  the  epidermis  not  in  the  vicinity  of  a passage 
are  seen  to  be  horizontal,  but  variously  inclined  where  situ- 
ated in  its  vicinity.  After  Rainey  and  Ralph. 

2,  is  a magnified  view  (220  diameters)  of  the  dermic  part ; of,  the 
dermic  portion  of  a duct  cut  open  at  its  upper  part,  also 


■with  the  basement  membrane  of  the  papillae  on  each  side 
continuous  with  it;  p , the  epidermic  portion  of  the  duct 
between  the  papillae,  exhibiting  a scaly  structure  almost  at 
its  commencement ; n,  nuclei  on  the  basement  membrane, 
at  nc,  developed  into  nucleated  cells,  and  forming  together 
the  lower  part  of  the  epidermis  ; above  which,  at  e/>,  may  be 
seen  the  commencement  of  the  scaly  layer  of  the  epidermis; 
p,  three  papife  with  a vascular  loop  in  each.  After  Rainey 
and  Ralph. 

Fig.  3.  Mucous  membrane  of  the  gall-bladder;  from  an  injectionby  Dr. 

Jno.  Neill,  of  Philadelphia  (see  page  358).  ' 50  diameters. 

4.  Transverse  section  of  the  muscles  of  the  tongue.  The  fibres 
are  of  the  striped  variety,  but  are  not  here  sufficiently  mag- 
nified to  show  the  lines.  45  diameters. 


1 


2 


Plate,  LXXV/I. 


H CKellogg.Mi 


Plate  LXXVIII. 

Fig.  1.  The  terminal  loopings  of  vessels  in  the  cornea  of  the  eye  of  a 
pig.  45  diameters. 

2.  The  conjunctival  epithelium  of  the  cornea  in  the  eye  of  the 

viper,  showing  its  vascularity.  In  animals  that  cast  their 
skin,  this  lamina  is  shed  with  the  cuticle  of  the  body.  In 
the  human  eye,  this  lamina  is  not  vascular.  45  diameters. 

3.  Vessels  of  the  choroid  coat  of  the  foetal  eye,  near  the  ciliary 

processes.  45  diameters. 

4.  Ciliary  processes  of  the  human  adult  eye,  showing  their  form 

of  origin.  From  an  injection  by  Dr.  Jno.  Neill,  of  Philadel- 
phia. 45  diameters. 

5.  Mucous  lining  of  the  unimpregnated  uterus  of  the  sow.  35 

diameters. 

6.  Mucous  lining  of  the  impregnated  uterus  of  the  same  animal, 

showing  how  the  rugae  become  developed  during  gestation. 
35  diameters. 


o Plate  LXXVJII 


E A.D . del 


E.C .ICellow  lith. 


W.K. L del. 


Plate  LXXIX. 


Fig.  1.  A tuft  from  the  foetal  portion  of  the  human  placenta.  45 
diameters. 

2.  Papillae  of  the  gum  : a portion  of  the  tooth  is  represented  to 

exhibit  the  maimer  in  which  the  papillae  surround  it.  From 
an  injection  by  Dr.  Neill.  45  diameters. 

3.  Papillae  from  the  lip:  these  are  observed  to  be  rather  longer 

and  more  prominent  than  in  the  gum.  From  an  injection 
by  Dr.  Neill.  45  diameters. 

4.  The  arrangement  of  blood-vessels  in  the  mucous  membrane 

of  the  trachea.  45  diameters. 

5.  shows  the  vascularity  of  the  buccal  membrane.  60  diameters. 

6.  shows  the  vascularity  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  bladder. 

60  diameters. 


1 


o Plate*  I XXIX. 


HAD  del 


E C. Kellogg  .EtE 


•m 


